1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The challenges these super-tall buildings face are plentiful, requiring enormous financial resources, sophisticated engineering skills, a （ ） will amongst all parties involved to make it happen and finally people willing to work, live, use and pay for them o
2、n a daily basis.问题1选项A.consolidatedB.consoledC.consolingD.consolidating【答案】A【解析】形近异义词辨析。consolidated “巩固的，统一的”；console “安慰”；consoling “可安慰的”；consolidating “巩固，合并”。句意：这些超高层建筑面临巨大的挑战，需要大量的资金、复杂的工程技术，在所有相关的各方中都有一个统一的意愿来完成它。最后人们每天为它工作、生活，使用它并且为它付款。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题Many an institution has been set up to try
3、 and make sense of the inscrutable nature of us human beings, and although （ ）, it is only instrumental in showing how little we really understand.问题1选项A.an inroad has been set upB.the inroad has been set upC.an inroad has been madeD.inroads have been made【答案】C【解析】固定搭配和语法题。根据后面主句中的it可判断although引导的让步
4、状语从句中主语应该为名词单数，所以选项D可排除。又根据固定搭配make an inroad “取得进展”。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题I remembered that the real world was wide, and that a varied field of hopes and fears, of （ ）, awaited those who had the courage to go forth into its expanse, to seek real knowledge of life amidst its perils.问题1选项A.senses and excitem
5、entsB.sentiment and excitementC.sensibility and excitementD.sensations and excitements【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。senses and excitements “感觉与兴奋”； sentiment and excitement “情绪与兴奋”； sensibility and excitement “感觉与兴奋”； sensations and excitements “感动与兴奋”。根据空格前hopes and fears都是用的复数形式，可知空格中也要用名词复数。句意：我记得真实的世界是广阔的，充满希
6、望和恐惧，充满感动与兴奋，等待着那些有勇气的人走入其中，在生活的冒险中寻求真正的知识。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题Recently, Japanese imports of manufactured goods from China have surged and the reputation of Chinese products has improved substantially, giving rise to concern that China will soon replace Japan as the factory of the world. An objective eval
7、uation of Chinas industrial strength, however, suggests that there is still a long way to go before it will become a truly advanced industrial country on par with Japan.First of all, the high proportion of labor-intensive products in Chinas exports means that its trade structure is typical of a newl
8、y industrializing economy (NIE).This is different from that of developed countries, where the major export items, such as machinery, are technology-intensive. Although China is increasing its share of the global market for manufactured goods, including some information-technology (IT) products that
9、are classified as high-tech, Chinese exports are still highly concentrated in lower-end products. In the ease of televisions, for instance, Japan specializes in high-definition and other higher-end models, while China produces standard models whose unit values are much lower.Reflecting Chinas emphas
10、is on processing trade, goods made in China contain large numbers of overseas components, some of which are made in Japan. According to official Chinese statistics, increasing exports by USS1 million requires importing intermediate goods and components worth $500,000, which do not form part of China
11、s gross domestic product (GDP). Moreover, the proportion of this imported content is higher for high-tech than for low-tech products. A computer labeled made in China is likely to contain a large portion of imported contents including an Intel central processing unit (CPU), Microsoft Windows operati
12、ng system, and a liquid crystal display made in Japan or South Korea.In addition, approximately half of Chinas exports are produced by subsidiaries of foreign companies, to which dividends, interest charges, royalties and other fees must be paid. Even among Chinese companies with no capital relation
13、s with overseas companies, the majority of their exports are processed under OEM (original equipment manufacturing) contracts and sold with foreign brand names. Thus only a very small percentage of the value-added of products labeled made in China is actually made by China. The latter corresponds to
14、 the concept of Chinas gross national product (GNP), and excludes import charges on intermediate goods and investment income paid to overseas countries.China is so heavily dependent on foreign partners that it has yet to develop its own edge-cutting technology and internationally recognized brand na
15、mes. On top of this; Chinese companies are inferior to their overseas counterparts in virtually every aspect, be it capital, human resources, or business management. As a result, China has no option but to look to cheap labor for its export competitiveness. Indeed, the majority of Chinas contributio
16、n to the value-added of its exports lies with the cost of labor, and the very low wages in China, averaging less than $100 a month, imply that this contribution must be very small. As such, the common assumption that Chinese goods are competitive because the countrys wage levels are low holds true o
17、nly for labor-intensive products and does not necessarily apply to industry as a whole. Instead, Chinas low wages should be interpreted as a reflection of the fact that its labor productivity is poor. It is when Chinas wage levels approach those of Japan, reflecting a rise in productivity, which Chi
18、na will really become a formidable competitor for Japan.1.Why does the author say there is still a long way to go before it will become a truly advanced industrial country on par with Japan?2.According to the author, whats the difference between products labeled made in China and those labeled made
19、by China?3.Which of the following is true about the competitiveness of Japans products?4.The word “subsidiaries” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to （ ）.5.Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.Chinas trade structure is still lagging behind that of developed countr
20、ies.B.Chinas export goods are not as competitive as Japans.C.Without foreign help and advanced technology China cannot produce most of its products.D.China is still faced with the problems of backward trade structure, low-tech and labor-intensive products.问题2选项A.Products labeled made in China are hi
21、gh-tech products while the latter are not.B.Whether China is the manufacturer of the original part of products and sells those products with Chinese brand names.C.Whether Chinese companies are subsidiaries of foreign companies.D.Whether Chinese companies are dependent on foreign partners.问题3选项A.Japa
22、n doesnt export lower-end products.B.Japan is the factory of the world.C.Japans major export items are high-tech products and competitive in business management.D.Japan doesnt put stress on processing goods.问题4选项A.furnishing aidsB.a sum of moneyC.assistantsD.affiliates问题5选项A.China isnt a Developed C
23、ountry.B.So-called Made in China Label.C.Japan Wont Fear Made in China Label.D.China Will Replace Japan as the Factory of World.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段和第三段， “First of all, the high proportion of labor-intensive products in Chinas exportsChinese exports are still highly conce
24、ntrated in lower-end products.”，可知二三段总结了中国工业发展的问题，包括劳动密集型产品占比重过高，中国出口仍高度集中于低端产品。可推断出中国仍然面临贸易结构落后、科技含量低、劳动密集型产品等问题。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第四段， “Reflecting Chinas emphasis on processing trade, goods made in China contain large numbers of overseas components, some of which are made in Japan.”，可知“中国制造”的商品含
25、有大量海外零部件，其中一些是日本制造的，这反映出中国对加工贸易的重视。根据文章第四段， “Thus only a very small percentage of the value-added of products labeled made in China is actually made by China.”，可知产品的研发不在中国。可推断出中国制造和中国创造的区别在于中国是否是原装产品的生产商，并销售那些有中国品牌的产品。选项B符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第三段， “Japan specializes in high-definition and other higher-end
26、models, while China produces standard models whose unit values are much lower.”，可知日本生产高清和高端机型。根据文章第六段， “China is so heavily dependent on foreign partners that it has yet to develop its own edge-cutting technology and internationally recognized brand names.”，可知中国严重依赖外国合作伙伴，以至于尚未开发出自己的尖端技术和国际知名品牌。可推断出
27、日本的主要出口产品是高科技产品，在企业管理方面具有竞争优势。选项C符合题意。4.词义理解题。根据文章第五段， “approximately half of Chinas exports are produced by subsidiaries of foreign companies, to which dividends, interest charges, royalties and other fees must be paid.”，可知中国大约一半的出口产品是由外国公司的子公司生产的，必须向这些子公司支付股息、利息、特许权使用费和其他费用。可知subsidiaries意思为子公司。选项
28、D符合题意。5.主旨题。文章第一段提出中国很快取代日本成为 “世界工厂”的观点，接下里讨论了中国工业发展过程中面临的问题，最终得出结论中国成为高端科技的工业国还需要更多的时间和努力，所以目前中国可能还不是日本的竞争对手和威胁因素。可推断出日本无惧 “中国制造”是符合整个文章意思的。选项C符合题意。5. 单选题Budget forecasts are the ultimate lesson in taking things （ ）in hindsight, most forecasts look worse than random guesses.问题1选项A.with a stroke of
29、the penB.with a whip of scorpionsC.with a grain of saltD.with all due submission【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。with a stroke of the pen “一笔一划”；with a whip of scorpions “用残酷的高压手段”；with a grain of salt “持怀疑态度，有保留”；with all due submission “必恭必敬的”。句意：预算预估对事情的猜测持保留态度，大多数预测看起来比随机猜测更糟。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题Non-violent direct actio
30、n rubs （ ）of popular opinion in order to get itself noticed amid a sea of self-interest, apathy and day-to-day distractions.问题1选项A.against the grainB.against the saltC.with a grainD.with a salt【答案】A【解析】语法题。根据题意，非暴力的直接行动违背公众的意见，为了让自己在自我利益、漠不关心和日常的干扰中引人注目。所以这里是指与公众的意见相违背。选项C和D可排除。搭配 “against the grain
31、的意思为“格格不入，违反意愿”。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题If sanity and insanity exist, how shall we know them?The question is neither capricious nor itself insane. However much we may be personally convinced that we can tell the normal from the abnormal, the evidence is simply not compelling. It is commonplace, for example,
32、to read about murder trials wherein eminent psychiatrists for the defense are contradicted by equally eminent psychiatrists for the prosecution on the matter of the defendants sanity. More generally, there are a great deal of conflicting data on the reliability, utility, and meaning of such terms as
33、 sanity, insanity, mental illness, and schizophrenia.Finally, as early as 1934, Benedict suggested that normality and abnormality are not universal. What is viewed as normal in one culture may be seen as quite aberrant in another. Thus, notions of normality and abnormality may not be quite as accura
34、te as people believe they are.To raise questions regarding normality and abnormality is in no way to question the fact that some behaviors are deviant or odd. Murder is deviant. So, too, are hallucinations. Nor does raising such questions deny the existence of the personal anguish that is often asso
35、ciated with mental illness. Anxiety and depression exist. Psychological suffering exists. But normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity, and the diagnoses that flow from them may be less substantive than many believe them to be.At its heart, the question of whether the sane can be distinguished
36、 from the insane is a simple matter: Do the salient characteristics that lead to diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the environments and contexts in which observers find them? From Bleuler, through Kretchmer, through the formulators of the recently revised Diagnostic and Statistical M
37、anual of the American Psychiatric Association, the belief has been strong that patients present symptoms, that those symptoms can be categorized, and implicitly, that the sane are distinguishable from the insane. More recently, however, this belief has been questioned. Based in part on theoretical a
38、nd anthropological considerations, but also on philosophical, legal, and therapeutic ones, the view has grown that psychological categorization of mental illness is useless at best and downright harmful, misleading, and pejorative at worst. Psychiatric diagnoses, in this view, are in the minds of th
39、e observers and are not valid summaries of characteristics displayed by the observed.Gains can be made in deciding which of these is more nearly accurate by getting normal people admitted to psychiatric hospitals and then determining whether they were discovered to be sane and, if so, how. If the sa
40、nity of such pseudo patients were always detected, there would be prima facie evidence that a sane individual can be distinguished from the insane context in which he is found. Normality is distinct enough that it can be recognized wherever it occurs, for it is carried within the person. If, on the
41、other hand, the sanity of the pseudo patients were never discovered, serious difficulties would arise for those who support traditional modes of psychiatric diagnosis. Given that the hospital staff was not incompetent, that the pseudo patient had been behaving as sanely as he had been outside of the
42、 hospital, and that it had never previously suggested that he belonged in a psychiatric hospital, such an unlikely outcome would support the view that psychiatric diagnosis betrays little about the patient but much about the environment in which an observer finds him.1.Which of the following is NOT
43、mentioned in the passage?2.What does the word them in the last sentence of the fourth paragraph refer to?3.The word pejorative could best be replaced by （ ）.4.Which of the following statements can best explain the last part of the passage?5.Which of the following would most likely follow this passag
44、e?问题1选项A.We can judge precisely what constitutes normality and abnormality.B.It is not easy to distinguish sanity from insanity.C.It is no doubt that some behaviors of human beings are odd.D.Settings where people are living have much to do with how we know what sanity is.问题2选项A.Questions from normal
45、ity and abnormality.B.The diagnoses.C.Normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity.D.People.问题3选项A.peevishB.depreciatoryC.negativeD.meaningless问题4选项A.Psychiatric diagnosis doesnt inform people of the patient but of the environment where he is living.B.The patient isnt betrayed by psychiatrists but
46、 by the environment where he is living.C.Psychiatrists know more about the patient than the environment where he is living.D.Psychiatric diagnosis is likely to improve the environment where the patient is living which does little help to him.问题5选项A.Description of the experiment of putting some sane
47、people in psychiatric hospitals.B.Argument against the difficulty of distinguishing the sane from the insane.C.Description of the experiment of sane and insane people in the same psychiatric hospitals.D.Argument for the difficulty of finding out who are real patients.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第二段，“However much we may be personally convinced that we can tell the normal from the abnormal, the evidence is simply not compelling.”，可知无论我们个人多么相信我们能够分辨出正常和异常，这些证据根本就没有说服力。选项B可排除。根据文章四段，“To raise questions regarding normality and abnormality is in no way to questio
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