1、中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系 别： 工程技术系 专 业： 机械设计制造及自动化 姓 名： 陈红 学 号： 05211610 2015年 4 月 23 日中国地质大学长城学院2011界毕业论文模具的发展1 模具在工业生产中的地位 模具是大批量生产同形产品的工具，是工业生产的主要工艺装备。 采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一 系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和 低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工 艺发展方向。现代经济的基础工业。现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程
2、 度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越 大的作用。1989 年 3 月国务院颁布的关于当前产业政策要点的决定中，把模 具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位(仅次于大 型发电设备及相应的输变电设备)，确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。1997 年以来，又相继把模具及其加工技术和设备列入了当前国家重点鼓励发展的产 业、产品和技术目录和鼓励外商投资产业目录。经国务院批准，从 1997 年 到 2000 年，对 80 多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还 70%的优惠政策，以扶植模 具工业的发展。所有这些，都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发
3、展模具工业的 重视和支持。目前全世界模具年产值约为 600 亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模 具工业产值已超过机床工业，从 1997 年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工 业产值。 据统计，在家电、玩具等轻工行业，近 90的零件是综筷具生产的；在飞机、汽 车、农机和无线电行业，这个比例也超过 60。例如飞机制造业，某型战斗机模 具使用量超过三万套，其中主机八千套、发动机二千套、辅机二万套。从产值看， 80 年代以来，美、日等工业发达国家模具行业的产值已超过机床行业，并又有继 续增长的趋势。据国际生产技术协会预测，到 2000 年，产品尽件粗加工的 75%、 精加工的 50将由模具完成；金属、
4、塑料、陶瓷、橡胶、建材等工业制品大部分 将由模具完成，50以上的金属板材、80以上的塑料都特通过模具转化成制品。2 模具的历史发展 模具的出现可以追溯到几千年前的陶器和青铜器铸造，但其大规模使用却是随着现代工业的掘起而发展起来的。19 世纪，随着军火工业(枪炮的弹壳)、钟表工业、无线电工业的发展，冲模得到 广泛使用。二次大战后，随着世界经济的飞速发展，它又成了大量生产家用电器、 汽车、电子仪器、照相机、钟表等零件的最佳方式。从世界范围看，当时美国的冲 压技术走在前列许多模具先进技术，如简易模具、高效率模具、高寿命模具和 冲压自动化技术，大多起源于美国；而瑞士的精冲、德国的冷挤压技术，苏联对塑
5、性加工的研究也处于世界先进行列。50 年代，模具行业工作重点是根据订户的要 求，制作能满足产品要求的模具。模具设计多凭经验，参考已有图纸和感性认识， 对所设计模具零件的机能缺乏真切了解。从 1955 年到 1965 年，是压力加工的探索 和开发时代对模具主要零部件的机能和受力状态进行了数学分桥，并把这些知 识不断应用于现场实际，使得冲压技术在各方面有飞跃的发展。其结果是归纳出模 具设计原则，并使得压力机械、冲压材料、加工方法、梅具结构、模具材料、模具 制造方法、自动化装置等领域面貌一新，并向实用化的方向推进，从而使冲压加工 从仪能生产优良产品的第一阶段。 进入 70 年代向高速化、启动化、精密
6、化、安全化发展的第二阶段。在这个过程中 不断涌现各种高效率、商寿命、高精度助多功能自动校具。其代表是多达别多个工 位的级进模和十几个工位的多工位传递模。在此基础上又发展出既有连续冲压工位 又有多滑块成形工位的压力机弯曲机。在此期间，日本站到了世界最前列其 模具加工精度进入了微米级，模具寿命，合金工具钢制造的模具达到了几千万次， 硬质合金钢制造的模具达到了几亿次 p 每分钟冲压次数，小型压力机通常为 200 至 300 次，最高为 1200 次至 1500 次。在此期间，为了适应产品更新快、用期短(如 汽车改型、玩具翻新等)的需要，各种经济型模具，如锌落合金模具、聚氨酯橡胶 模具、钢皮冲模等也得
7、到了很大发展。 从 70 年代中期至今可以说是计算机辅助设计、辅助制造技术不断发展的时代。随 着模具加工精度与复杂性不断提高，生产周期不断加快，模具业对设备和人员素质 的要求也不断提高。依靠普通加工设备，凭经验和手艺越来越不能满足模具生产的 需要。90 年代以来，机械技术和电子技术紧密结合，发展了 NC 机床，如数控线切 割机床、数控电火花机床、数控铣床、数控坐标磨床等。而采用电子计算机自动编 程、控制的 CNC 机床提高了数控机床的使用效率和范围。近年来又发展出由一台计 算机以分时的方式直接管理和控制一群数控机的 NNC 系统。 随着计算机技术的发展，计算机也逐步进入模具生产的各个领域，包括
8、设计、制造、管理等。国际生产研究协会预测，到 2000 年，作为设计和制造之间联系手段 的图纸将失去其主要作用。模具自动设计的最根本点是必须确立模具零件标准及设 计标准。要摆脱过去以人的思考判断和实际经验为中心所组成的设计方法，就必须 把过去的经验和思考方法，进行系列化、数值化、数式化，作为设计准则储存到计 算机中。因为模具构成元件也干差万别，要搞出一个能适应各种零件的设计软件几 乎不可能。但是有些产品的零件形状变化不大，模具结构有一定的规律，放可总结 归纳，为自动设计提供软件。如日本某公司的 CDM 系统用于级进模设计与制造，其 中包括零件图形输入、毛坯展开、条料排样、确定模板尺寸和标准、绘
9、制装配图和 零件图、输出 NC 程序(为数控加工中心和线切割编程)等，所用时间由手工的 20%、工时减少到 35 小时；从 80 年代初日本就将三维的 CADCAM 系统用于汽车覆 盖件模具。目前，在实体件的扫描输入，图线和数据输入，几何造形、显示、绘 图、标注以及对数据的自动编程，产生效控机床控制系统的后置处理文件等方面已 达到较高水平；计算机仿真(CAE)技术也取得了一定成果。在高层次上，CADCAM CAE 集成的，即数据是统一的，可以互相直接传输信息实现网络化。目前,国外仅有少数厂家能够做到。3 我国模具工业现状及发展趋势 由于历史原因形成的封闭式、“大而全”的企业特征，我国大部分企业
10、均设有模具 车间，处于本厂的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工业化和生产专业化这个概 念。生产效率不高，经济效益较差。模具行业的生产小而散乱，跨行业、投资密 集，专业化、商品化和技术管理水平都比较低。 据不完全统计，全国现有模具专业生产厂、产品厂配套的模具车间（分厂）近 17000 家，约 60 万从业人员，年模具总产值达 200 亿元人民币。但是，我国模具 工业现有能力只能满足需求量的 60左右，还不能适应国民经济发展的需要。目 前，国内需要的大型、精密、复杂和长寿命的模具还主要依靠进口。据海关统计， 1997 年进口模具价值 6.3 亿美元，这还不包括随设备一起进口的模具；1997 年
11、出 口模具仅为 7800 万美元。目前我国模具工业的技术水平和制造能力，是我国国民 经济建设中的薄弱环节和制约经济持续发展的瓶颈。 模具工业技术结构现状 我国模具工业目前技术水平参差不齐，悬殊较大。从总体上来讲，与发达工业国家 及港台地区先进水平相比，还有较大的差距。 在采用 CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP 等技术设计与制造模具方面，无论是应用的广泛性，还 是技术水平上都存在很大的差距。在应用 CAD 技术设计模具方面，仅有约 10%的模 具在设计中采用了 CAD，距抛开绘图板还有漫长的一段路要走；在应用 CAE 进行模 具方案设计和分析计算方面，也才刚刚起步，大多还处于试用和动画游戏阶段；
12、在 应用 CAM 技术制造模具方面，一是缺乏先进适用的制造装备，二是现有的工艺设备 （包括近 10 多年来引进的先进设备）或因计算机制式（IBM 微机及其兼容机、HP 工作站等）不同，或因字节差异、运算速度差异、抗电磁干扰能力差异等，联网率 较低，只有 5%左右的模具制造设备近年来才开展这项工作；在应用 CAPP 技术进行 工艺规划方面，基本上处于空白状态，需要进行大量的标准化基础工作；在模具共性工艺技术，如模具快速成型技术、抛光技术、电铸成型技术、表面处理技术等方 面的 CAD/CAM 技术应用在我国才刚起步。计算机辅助技术的软件开发，尚处于较低 水平，需要知识和经验的积累。我国大部分模具厂
13、车间的模具加工设备陈旧，在役期长、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的锻、车、铣、刨、钻、磨设备加工 模具，热处理加工仍在使用盐浴、箱式炉，操作凭工人的经验，设备简陋，能耗 高。设备更新速度缓慢，技术改造，技术进步力度不大。虽然近年来也引进了不少 先进的模具加工设备，但过于分散，或不配套，利用率一般仅有 25%左右，设备的 一些先进功能也未能得到充分发挥。 缺乏技术素质较高的模具设计、制造工艺技术人员和技术工人，尤其缺乏知识面 宽、知识结构层次高的复合型人才。中国模具行业中的技术人员，只占从业人员的 8%12%左右，且技术人员和技术工人的总体技术水平也较低。1980 年以前从业的 技术人员和技
14、术工人知识老化，知识结构不能适应现在的需要；而 80 年代以后从 业的人员，专业知识、经验匮乏，动手能力差，不安心，不愿学技术。近年来人才 外流不仅造成人才数量与素质水平下降，而且人才结构也出现了新的断层，青黄不 接，使得模具设计、制造的技术水平难以提高。4 总结进入 21 世纪，在经济全球化的新形势下，随着资本、技术和劳动力市场的重新整 合，我国装备制造业在加入 WTO 以后，将成为世界装备制造业的基地。而在现代制 造业中，无论哪一行业的工程装备，都越来越多地采用由模具工业提供的产品。为 了适应用户对模具制造的高精度、短交货期、低成本的迫切要求，模具工业正广泛 应用现代先进制造技术来加速模具
15、工业的技术进步，满足各行各业对模具这一基础 工艺装备的迫切需求。Die history1 Die position in industrial production Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment. With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a ser
16、ies of advantages, with the mold work pieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. The basis of the mo
17、dern industrial economy. The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. March 1989 the State Council promulgated on the current industri
18、al policy decision points in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an imp
19、ortant position in thenationaleconomy. Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the currentnationalfocus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog and to encourage foreign investment industry directory. Approved by th
20、e State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. Mold around the worl
21、d about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, Chinas industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output. According
22、 to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fig
23、hter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. From the output of view, since the 80s, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising.
24、 Production technology, according to the InternationalAssociation predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50
25、 metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.2 The historical development of mold The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed .The 19t
26、h century, with the arms industry (guns shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way
27、 From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germ
28、any extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50s, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the de
29、sign of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical
30、 knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices,
31、a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage. Into the 70s to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. Continue to emerge in this process a variety of hig
32、h efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more
33、 slide forming station of the press - bending machine. In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the worlds largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes fo
34、r stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethan
35、e rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development. From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, th
36、e mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. Since the 90s, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such a
37、s CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope. In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct man
38、agement and control of CNC machine tools NNC system. With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. InternationalAssociation for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between d
39、esign and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experien
40、ces and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store. Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. But some p
41、roducts do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. If a Japanesecompanys CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the
42、 size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive pa
43、nel die. Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simula
44、tion (CAE) technology has made some achievements. At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is Achieve integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. network. Present. Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it. 3 Chinas mold industry and its development trendDue to hist
45、orical reasons for the formation of closed, big and complete enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high,
46、 poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low. According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold fac
47、tory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion Yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs ofnationaleconomic development. At present, the domestic needs of
48、large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. At present the
49、 technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, Chinasnationaleconomy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development. Mold Present Status of Technology Technical level of Chinas mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the dev
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