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1、大连交通大学2012届本科生毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅
2、螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿
3、蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃
4、袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀
5、虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄
6、薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿
7、螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃
8、薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇
9、衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁
10、蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈
11、薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃
12、螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇
13、薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁
14、袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅
15、蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀
16、蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄
17、螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁
18、薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅
19、袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿
20、蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄
21、蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈
22、螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节
23、薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿
24、螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄
25、蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈
26、蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节蕿螂螃羂莂
27、螈螂膄蚈蚄螁芆蒀薀螀荿芃袈蝿肈葿螄螈膁芁蚀袈芃蒇薆袇羃芀蒂袆肅蒅袁袅芇莈螇袄荿薄蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁薂蒅袂芄莅螃羁羃薀虿羀肆莃薅罿芈薈薁羈莀蒁袀羇肀芄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄肄肇芁螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁艿蚄肁肁薄薀肁膃莇衿肀芅薃螅聿莈莅蚁膈肇薁薇螄膀莄蒃螄节 Database Management SystemSource：Database and Network Journal Author：David AndersonYou know that a data is a collection of logically related data elements that may be structure
28、d in various ways to meet the multiple processing and retrieval needs of organizations and individuals. Theres nothing new about data base-early ones were chiseled in stone, penned on scrolls, and written on index cards. But now database are commonly recorded on magnetically media, and computer prog
29、rams are required to perform the necessary storage and retrieval operations.The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with created, accessing, and maintaining database records is in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the d
30、atabase. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programmers.)A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search. Probe, and query data contents in orde
31、r to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that arent available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined, but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data
32、items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who arent programmers. In a file-oriented system, users needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmers, who, when time permits, will information. The availability of a DBMS, how
33、ever, offers users a much faster alternative communications patch (see figure).Special, direct, and other file processing approaches ate used to organize and structure data in single files. But a DBMS is able to integrate data elements from several files to answer specific user inquiries fir informa
34、tion. This means that the DBMS is able to structure and tie together the logically related data from several large files.Logical structures. Identifying these logical relationships is a job of the data administrator. A data definition language is used for this purpose. The DBMS may thenEmploy one of
35、 the following logical structuring techniques during storage access, and retrieval operation: list structures, hierarchical (tree) structures, and network structures, relational structures.1. List structures. In this logical approach, records are linked together by the use of pointers. A pointer is
36、a data item in one record that identifies the storage location of another logically related record. Records in a customer master file, for example, will contain the name and address of each customer, and an account number identifies each record in this file. During an accounting period, a customer m
37、ay maintain an invoice file to reflect these transactions. A list structure could be used in this situation to show the unpaid invoices at any given time. Each in the customer file would point to the record location of the first invoice for that customer in the invoice file. This invoice record, in
38、turn would be linked to later invoice for the customer. The last invoice in the chain would be identified by the use of a special character as a pointer.2. Hierarchical structures. In this logical approach, data units are structured in multiple levels that graphically resemble an “upside down” tree
39、with the root at the top and the branches formed below, theres a superior-subordinate relationship in a hierarchical structure. Below the single-root data component are subordinate elements (or one) has only a single owner. Thus, as we see in figure, a customer owns an invoice, and the invoice has s
40、ubordinate items. The branches in a tree structure are not connected.3. Network structures. Unlike the tree approach, which dose not permit the connection of branches, the network structure permits the connection of the nodes in a multidirectional manner. Thus, each node may have several owners and
41、may, in turn, own any number of other data units. Data, management software permits the extraction of the needed information from such a structure by beginning with any record in a file.4. Relational structures. A relational structure is made up of many tables. The data are stored in the form of “re
42、lations” in these tables. For example, relation tables could be established to link a college course with the instructor of the course, and with the location of the in order to find the name of the instructor and the location of the English class, the course/instructor relation is searched to get th
43、e name, and the course/location relation is searched to get the class location. Many other relations are of course, possible. This is a relatively new database structuring approach thats expected to be widely implemented in the future.5. Physical structure. People visualize or structure data in logi
44、cal ways for thereOwn purposes. Thus, records R1 and R2 may always be logically linked and processed in sequence in one particular application. However, in a computer system its quite possible that these records that are logically contiguous in one application are not physically stored together. Rat
45、her, the physical structure of the I/O and storage devices techniques used, but also on the different logical relationships that users may assign to the data found on R1 and R2. For example, R1 and R2 may be records of credit customers who have shipments send to the same block in the same city every
46、 two weeks. From the shipping department managers perspective, then, R1 and R2 are sequential entries on a geographically organized shipping report. But may be identified, and their accounts may be processed, according to their account numbers which are widely separated. In short, then the physical
47、location of the stored records in many computer-based information systems is invisible to users.During the past five years, Microsoft has promoted Data Access Objects (DAO), and then Remote Data Objects (RDO), and now ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) as the primary data access technology for Visual Basic
48、developers. It seems that Microsoft has been pushing a different data access technology with each successive version of Microsoft Visual Studio. Today, new versions of ADO are available on Microsofts Web site and ship with other products and technologies, such as Microsoft Windows 2000, Microsoft Wi
49、ndows NT 4 Service Packs, Microsoft Internet Explorer versions 3 and later, Microsoft SQL Server 6.5 Service Pack 5 and SQL Server 7, Microsoft Office 2000, and even Microsoft Expedia Streets & Trips 2000.One of the goals of ADO is to simplify data access. ADO is built upon some fairly complex technologiesOLE DB and ODBC (open database connectivity)and is designed to allow you to programmatically access and modify data stored in a wide variety of databases. This broad reach is a departure from previous data access technologies. For the sake of