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1、TOEFL Q41 题目类型及答题要点1.1 题目类型第四题是学术讲座，答题过程主要包括四个部分： INTRODUCTION PART 在此部分中，会有約15秒的時間用来介绍題目要求。此时考生需要将structure写在草稿纸上。 READING PART在阅读部分中，会出现一篇学术类文章，涉及心理学，生物学，教育学等诸多学科领域。阅读时间为45s，此时考生需要根据对阅读内容的理解进行笔记。 LISTENING PART在听力部分中，会有一名教授针对阅读部分中出现的学术理论进行讲解并举例说明。听力时间为90/120s不等，此时考生需要根据对听力内容的理解进行笔记。 ANSWERING PART
2、在答题部分中，首先会有10s左右的读题时间，然后是30s的准备时间，最后是60s的答题时间。此时考生需要:审题确定答题重点。浏览笔记标记答题重点，划掉冗余部分。整理思路快速理清答题重点的逻辑顺序。1.2 答题框架(structure)guidelinepartcontentT(theory)Reading学术理论D(definition)Reading学术理论的定义C(complement)Reading根据对阅读部分的理解，预测针对听力部分的structure.注意：第四题基本上不要求回答阅读部分的内容。题目仅需要考生利用听力信息内容阐述说明阅读部分中出现的学术理论即可。1.3 第四题答题技
3、巧 READING PART在阅读部分中，考生首先需要找出T和D并进行笔记。一般来讲D出现的位置常常会伴有信号词出现，如suggest, known as, is等。在确定D的位置时，其后的阅读内容往往是对T发生原理的详细阐述。其发生过程与听力中事例的讲述顺序，以及所述细节保持一致，但是内容与措辞有很大不容。此时考生需要根据对阅读部分的理解，预测针对听力部分的structure。 LISTENING PART根据阅读部分中所预测的structure进行笔记，其余听力部分理解即可，无需笔记。 ANSWERING PART第四题对reading部分信息使用的灵活性为保分高分提供了可能。一般使用re
4、ading内容的情况有以下两种：a.个人习惯，喜欢描述plan/proposalb.听力信息理解不准确，听力笔记内容不饱满，有遗漏或缺失。答题时可以从P/R1/R2开始作答，但最好将reading部分内容控制在秒之内，最后，一定要超时！1.4 第四题答题模板 LISTENING PARTThe professor gives us one/two examples to illustrate.或者题目变序TOPICS OF TPO 24TPO1GroupthinkTPO2Social InteractionTPO3Cognitive DissonanceTPO4Verbal and Nonve
5、rbal CommunicationTPO5Target MarketingTPO6Explicit Memories and Implicit MemoriesTPO7Behavior ModificationTPO8Revealing ColorationTPO9The Establishing ShotTPO10Entertainment merchandisingTPO11Outsider ArtTPO12Subliminal PerceptionTPO13Perceptual ConstancyTPO14Comfort Zone BiasTPO15Experimenter Effec
6、tTPO16Social LoafingTPO17RitualizationTPO18Relict BehaviorTPO19Social LearningTPO20FranchisingTPO21Questioning Awareness of EffectTPO22Irrational CommitmentTPO23Reference GroupsTPO24Flagship SpeciesTPO1Groupthink One process by which groups may make bad or irrational decisions is known as group thin
7、k. Individual members of a group attempt to conform their opinions to what they believe to be the group consensus even though the result may be negative. There are many reasons why groupthink happens. These include the desire to be liked, fear of losing a job, or even not wanting to be the one empol
8、yee delaying a decision that seems inevitable. These kinds of implicit pressures to conform lead group members to ultimately make decisions that each, by himself or herself, might normally not make.Professor So let me tell you about my own experience with this when I was working for a computer compa
9、ny a couple of years ago. So one day, a coworker and I suggested we should give our computers a design makeover, make them look more up to date. Market research was showing that new customers said they would be more interested in buying our computers if they looked cooler. Our technology was advance
10、d, but the outside design looked really old-fashioned. At first, more than half the group supported us. There were a few senior managers there though who didnt support the design change. One of the senior managers said, “Our focus has always been on technology. Changing the look is an unnecessary co
11、st.” Almost immediately, some of our supporters changed their minds. Even my coworker changed his mind. When I asked him why after the meeting, he told me he didnt want to make a bad impression on the senior managers. He thought that disagreeing with them might jeopardize his chances of getting a pr
12、omotion by not looking like a team player. What about me? I hate to admit it, but after a few hours of discussion, I started wondering if it was worth everyones time to argue about this. As more people sided with senior management, I started to feel like I was the only one holding up the vote. Every
13、one else seemed to think change wasnt necessary, so I voted against my own idea in the end. So we unanimously decided to stay with the current old-looking design. But this decision ended up costing us a lot of money. That same year, our competitor came out with a new design that attracted some of ou
14、r customers and prevented us from profiting on potential new customers.TPO2Social Interaction People deal with each other every day. This interaction is at the heart of social life. The study of social interaction is concerned with the influence people have over one anothers behavior. People take ea
15、ch other into account in their daily behavior and in fact, the very presence of others can affect behavior. For example, one principle of social interaction, audience effects, suggests that individuals work is affected by their knowledge that they are visible to others, that the presence of others t
16、ends to alter the way people behave or perform an activity.Professor OK, so we said that the way we interact with others has an impact on our behavior. In fact, theres some interesting research to suggest that in one type of interaction - when were being observed specifically, when we know were bein
17、g watched as we perform some activity - we tend to increase the speed at which we perform that activity. In one study, college students were asked to each put on a pair of shoes-shoes with laces they would have to tie. Now one group of students was told that they would be observed. The second group,
18、 however, didnt know they were being observed. The students who were aware that they were being watched actually tied their shoes much faster than the students who thought they were alone. Other studies confirm the same is true even when were learning new activities. Lets say someone is learning a n
19、ew task - for example, learning how to type. When theyre conscious of being observed, theyll likely begin typing at a much faster rate than they would if they were alone. But, and this is interesting, the study also showed that certain common behavior - things people typically do, like.making mistak
20、es when youre learning something new that behavior pattern will also increase. So in other words, when were learning to type, and we know were being watched, well type faster but well also make more mistakes.TPO3Cognitive Dissonance Individuals sometimes experience a contradiction between their acti
21、ons and their beliefs-between what they are doing and what they believe they should be doing. These contradictions can cause a kind of mental discomfort known as cognitive dissonance. People experiencing cognitive dissonance often do not want to change the way they are acting, so they resolves the c
22、ontradictory situation in another way; they change their interpretation of the situation in a way that minimizes the contradiction between what they are doing and what they believe they should be doing.Professor This is a true story, from my own life. In my first year in high school, I was addicted
23、to video games. I played them all the time, and I wasnt studying enough. I was failing chemistry. That was my hardest class. So this was a conflict for me, because I wanted a good job when I grew up, and I believed, I knew, that if you want a good career, you got to do well in school. But I just cou
24、ldnt give up video games. I was completely torn. And my solution was to.to change my perspective. See, the only class I was doing really badly in was chemistry. In the others, I was.l was ok. So I asked myself, if I wanted to be a chemist when I grew up, and the fact is I didnt. I was pretty sure I
25、wanted to be a sociologist, so I told myself my chemistry class didnt matter, because sociologists dont really need to know chemistry. In other words, I changed my understanding of what it meant to do well in school. I reinterpreted my situation. I used to think that doing well in school meant doing
26、 well in all my classes. But now I decided that succeeding in school meant only doing well in the classes that related directly to my future career. I eliminated the conflict, at least in my mind.TPO4Verbal and Nonverbal Communication When we speak with other people face-to-face the nonverbal signal
27、s we give-our facial expressions, hand gestures, body movements, and tone of voice-often communicate as much as, or more than, the words we utter. When our nonverbal signals, which we often produce unconsciously, agree with our verbal message, the verbal message is enhanced and supported, made more
28、convincing. But when they conflict with the verbal message, we may be communicating an entirely different and more accurate message than what we intend.Professor Last month my favorite uncle paid me a surprise visit. I hadnt seen him for many years. The doorbell rang, I opened the door and there was
29、 Uncle Pete. Now I am sure when I saw him, I said something like “Uncle Pete, what a surprise! How nice to see you!” Anyway, my wife was standing next to me, and according to her, I wasnt really aware of this, my eyes got really wide and I broke into a huge big smile. She said I was actually jumping
30、 up and down like a little boy. Well, anyway, later that evening Uncle Pete told me how very very good he felt when he saw how happy I was to see him. But compare that with this, my daughter, she is six. We were building a birdhouse together last week. And I was showing her how to use a hammer and n
31、ail. And of course, stupid me, I wasnt being very careful and I smashed my thumb with the hammer. Boy did it hurt! I almost felt like screaming, but I didnt want to upset my daughter, so I said, “Dont worry, honey, its nothing.” Meanwhile, I was shaking my hand as if that would stop my thumb from hu
32、rting, and my face was contorted in pain. My voice was trembling too. So even though I told my daughter I was okay, Im sure she didnt believe me because she kept asking me if I was okay.TPO5Target Marketing Advertisers in the past have used radio and television in an attempt to provide information a
33、bout their products to large, general audiences, it was once thought that the best way to sell a product was to advertise it to as many people as possible. However, more recent trends in advertising have turned toward target marketing. Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very
34、 specific audiences-audiences that have been determined to have the greatest need or desire for the product being marketed. Target marketing has proved to be very effective in reaching potential customers.Professor Nowadays something you notice more and more is television commercials that are made s
35、pecifically for certain television programs. So lets say a company wants to sell a telephone, a cell phone. Now during TV shows that young people watch, you know shows with pop music or teen serials, they create the commercial that emphasizes how fun the phone is. You know, the phone has bright colo
36、rs and they show kids having a good time with their friends. And well the company wants the kids watching TV at this time to want to buy this phone, this phone thats made especially for them. But the same company will make a different commercial to be shown during, say, a program about business or a
37、 business news show. Now for this group of people, business people, the company will have to show how efficient their phone is, how it can handle all business easily and maybe even save money. And here is the thing. Its basically the same phone. The company has just made two different commercials to
38、 appeal to different groups of people.TPO6Explicit Memories and Implicit Memories In everyday life, when people speak of memory, they are almost always speaking about what psychologists would call explicit memories. An explicit memory is a conscious or intentional recollection, usually of facts, nam
39、es, events, or other things that a person can state or declare. There is another kind of memory that is not conscious. Memories of this kind are called implicit memories. An individual can have an experience that he or she cannot consciously recall yet still display reactions that indicate the exper
40、ience has been somehow recorded in his or her brain.Professor Ok, uh. the first kind of memory, were all very familiar with this, right? You probably remember what you had for dinner last night - you have a Conscious Memory of last nights dinner. So, um, if I ask you what did you eat last night? you
41、 could tell me. But these other kind of memories - implicit Memories, they work differently. Lets take an example from the world of advertising. When youre driving along a highway, youll see plenty of billboards - you know road-side advertisements. You certainly dont remember them all. But they stil
42、l affect you. Marketing researchers have shown, well, to be specific, lets say theres a billboard on the highway advertising a . car, called the Panther. The ad shows a big picture of a car and above the car in huge letters is the name of the car- Panther. A lot of people drive by the billboard. But
43、 ask those drivers later if they saw any advertisements for cars, and well, theyll think about it and a lot of them will say no. They honestly dont remember seeing any. They have no conscious memory of the Panther billboard. So, you ask the same people a different question. You ask, um.ok, um.you as
44、k them to name an animal starting with the letter p. What do you think theyll answer? Do they say pig? Pig is the most common animal that starts with the letter p, but they dont say pig. They say Panther. The billboard had an effect even though the drivers dont remember ever seeing it. TPO7Behavior
45、Modification Individuals often modify their behavior based on what they have learned about the possible consequences of their actions. When an individual learns through experience that a certain behavior results in pleasant consequences, that behavior is likely to be repeated. An unpleasant conseque
46、nce, on the other hand, discourages further repetition of the behavior. While behavior modification can be observed in experiments, it also occurs frequently in everyday settings, when individuals change their behavior based on what they have learned about the consequences of that behavior.Professor
47、 This happens all the time with kids in schools. Say there is a little boy or a girl whos just starting school. Well, they are not really used to the rules about proper behavior for a classroom. So at the beginning, they might, I dont know, interrupt the teacher, walk around the classroom when they
48、are supposed to be sitting down, you know just misbehaving in general. OK, but what happens? Well, the teacher gets angry with them when they act this way. They might get punished. They have to sit at their desks when everyone else is allowed to go outside and play, and they certainly dont like that. Soon theyll learn that this kind of behavior gets them in trouble. Theyll also learn that when they raise the