名词性从句课件.ppt

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1、,名词性从句 noun clause,一、相关概念 二、种类 三、常见引导词 四、七大常考考点 1.thatwhatwhich 2.it形式主语、宾语的用法 3.语序问题 4.同位语从句和定从的区别 5.whatwhatever6.ifwhether/that 7.虚拟语气问题 五、高考定语从句和名词性从句考题,名词性从句,Related Conception (相关概念),1.名词:,表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。,2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分?,名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。,The boy is li Ming.,主语,表语,Mr. Liang , a 24-year

2、-old boy, teaches us English .,主语,同位语,宾语,在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫名词性从句。,什么是名词性从句?,名词性从句,主语从句 ( The Subject Clause),宾语从句 ( The Object Clause),表语从句 ( The Predicative Clause),同位语从句 ( The Appositive Clause),II. 名词性从句的引导词：,连接词： ：that、if、whether,无意义无地位,2. 连接代词 ：who、 whom 、whose、 wha

3、t、 which,3. 连接副词： when、 where、why、how,“是否”,有意义有地位：作主/宾/表,1.When we will start is not clear. 2. She wont believe that her son has become a thief. 3. My idea is that we should do it right now. 4. I had no idea that you were her friend.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,I 名词性从句的种类,主语从句一般有三种结构：,1. 主语从句+谓语（谓语动词用单数）,T

4、hat she will win the match is certain.,2.主语从句:It is+形容词（名词词组/过去分词）+that从句,It is important that we teens should learn English.,It is a good news that he will attend the meeting on behalf of our school.,It is said that our school will hold a sports meeting.,3. It +seem (happen，appear等不及物动词)+that从句,It

5、seems that Katy is not coming to this party.,a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is certain/likely /obvious that 是肯定的/很可能/很明显,b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed /known/said/ reported that 人们相信/众所周知/据说/据报道 It has been decided that已决定,c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge /a surprise /a fact

6、 that 是常识/ 令人惊奇的是/ 事实是,d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 It appears /seems/happens/ occurred to me that似乎/碰巧/我突然想起,A: it 作形式主语,it的作形式主语用法,1. It is known to all_ Taiwan is only part of China. A. as B. that C. if D. for 2. _is known to all, Taiwan is only part of China. A. As B. That C. Which D. What 3. It was on

7、 Sunday _ I met him. A. that B.when C. what D.which,Attention:,A,B,A,（1） It + be + 形容词 + 主语从句 （2）It + be + 名词 + 主语从句 （3）It + 不及物动词 + 主语 从句 （4）It + 及物 动词的被动语态 +主语从句,常用句型如下：,It + be + 形容词 主语从句,It is necessary/ important that . .是有必要/重要的 It is obvious/ clear that 很明显 It is certain / true that 是肯定的 It i

8、s true that 是事实 It is strange that 很奇怪 It is natural that 是很自然的,It + be + 名词 主语从句,It is a pity/a shame 真遗憾 It is a surprise . 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact 事实是 It is an honor 是我的荣幸 It is a wonder 是奇迹,It + 不及物动词 that从句,It appears/ seems that 似乎/ 看起来 It happens that . 碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起 It doesnt m

9、atter whether,It + be + -ed分词 主语从句,It is believed/ thought that 人们相信 It is well known to us/all that . 众所周知 It has been decided that 已经决定 It is said / reported that 据听说/ 据报道 Eg:It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。,It +及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句,It is a pity that we cant go. It is certain

10、 that she will do well in her exam. It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. It depends on the climate whether they are going shopping today.,2） 主语从句的连接词,1. 连词that (无词义, 不作成分, 不能省略, 只起连接作用); whether(是否), 不作成分, 不用if. That he will come and help us is certain. Whether we will succeed is still

11、a question.,注意: 已确定的事由that引导; 没决定的事由whether引导.,他星期三来这里是肯定的。,That he will come here on Wednesday is certain.,注意：从句作主语时，就算是句子意思完整，都要加上从属连词that,他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。,Whether he will come here on Wednesday is not certain.,注意：that 引导的主语从句放在句首很少，只是为了强调或谓语较长时才这样,3.连接副词when(ever), where(ever), how(ever), why, how

12、 long, how often, how soon, how far, how many / much 等.,When the test will be given is not yet decided. How much we can spend must be agreed on.,2. 连接代词what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever, whose等. 在从句做主语/宾语/表语,What you said is perfectly true. (宾语) Whoever comes will be welcome. 谁来都欢迎,连接代词

13、和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。 在主语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语 这些连接词不能省略；,注意,What caused the accident is a complete mystery. (主) Whatever she said was right. (宾语) Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 Whoever comes to the party will receive a present. （主语）,When hell be back depends much

14、 on the weather. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. (状语) 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 Why he failed the exam wasnt clear. (状语) How the book will sell depends on its author. (状语),3）注意事项：,为了使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻，主语从句常用“it”作形式主语，把真正的主语放在后面。 主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：,It is known to us that

15、 he will come here.,2. 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：,It is adj( necessary important, natural, strange, etc.) that (should) +do It is p.p ( suggested requested, proposed, etc.) that (should) +do ,主语从句中的虚拟语气,It is suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, reques

16、ted, insisted + that (should) do It is important, necessary, natural, desirable, strange, advisable, impossible+ that (should) do It is a pity, a shame, no wonder (难怪)+ that (should) do,II. 表语从句,在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。,1. That is why he didnt pass the exam.,2. The question is where he has gone.,3. The probl

17、em is that he has gone.,4. It looks/seems as if/though it were going to rain.,II 表语从句,在句中充当表语的从句(即放在be动词后面)叫做表语从句。,我们的目的是他能认识到错误。,Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.,注意：引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。,问题是它是否值得做。,The question is whether it is worth doing.,注意：表语从句表示“是否” 只用“whether” 而不用“if”,2.1 引导表语从句的关联词,

18、引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。 其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句， 引导表语从句的词有that，whether，who，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever，when，where，why，how，because等。,(1) that, whether引导的表语从句,that在引导表语从句时无词义，不做成分，表示已确定的事 而whether有词义，意为、“是否”,不做成分，表示不确定的事。 。 这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如 question, trouble, prob

19、lem, result, chance, suggestion，idea，reason等。 eg: The reason is that you dont trust her. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。,(2) 连接代词引导的表语从句,连接代词what, who, whom, which, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever 在句中作主语/宾语，不能省略。 eg: The problem is who we can get to r

20、eplace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 Thats what he is worrying about. 那就是他在担心的事。,(3) 连接副词引导的表语从句,连接副词 where, when, how, why 在表语从句中做状语 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。,(4) 连词because, as if ,as though,He was late this morning. That was because he was caught in a traffic jam. All this was over twenty

21、 years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句， 但as if却可引导表语从句， 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。 It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。,难点,1. 连词because可引导表语从句。如： eg: I think it is beca

22、use you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2. 引导表语从句的that不省略，that仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何意义。 eg: The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person. 他给我的印象是他是一个可靠的人 3. whether可引导表语从句，表“是否”，它在从句中不充当成分，if不能引导表语从句。 eg: Whether John will do this experiment remains a question.,4. the reason后面的表语从句

23、只能用that引导，易犯“the reason is because” 的错误 eg: The reason why he was late was that his car broke down on the way. 5. 在表示命令order, advice, suggestion, desire, proposal, demand, request, requirement等的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词要 用虚拟语气：should+动词原形，should可省略 eg: His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to

24、 discuss the problem.,最具代表性的表语从句,This /That/It is the reason why/why/because The reason(why) is that 1. That is why practice is the most important in learning English. 2. The village is no longer what it used to be ten years ago. 3. That was because he was caught in a traffic jam. 4. The reason why

25、he was late was that his car broke down on the way.,试区分以下句子,Is this museum what you visited?,Is this the museum that you visited?,Is this museum the one that you visited?,注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词。然后把句子变换成陈述句，接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。,(表从),(定从),(定从),I know him . 2. I know who he is .,主语,谓语,宾

26、语,（简单句）,主语,谓语,宾 语 从 句,连词,从句主语,从句谓语,主 句,复合句,III. 宾语从句,在句中充当及物动词或介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词或形容词之后。,1. I think that it will be of no use.,2. I wonder if you can do me a favour.,3. It depends on whether the boss will agree to you or not.,4. Im sure that you will win the game.,1. 作动词的宾语 (

27、1) 动词后直接+宾语从句 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that he joined the army. 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： She did not know what had happened. I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (2) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.,3. 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) Ive ma

28、de a mistake. I am sure (that) he will win the game.,2. 作介词的宾语 I dont care for who marries him. We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.,宾语从句三要素：,连 接 词,时 态,语 序,3.1引导词,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,连接代词 Who,whom,whose,which what 连接副词 where,how,why,when 引导的宾语从句,由从属连词 whether, if 引导的宾语从句,由从属连词t

29、hat引导的宾语从句,注：that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分， 在口语或非正式文体中往往省略,e.g. I hear (that) _. （一小时后他会回来） He said (that) _. （他非常想念我们） The teacher told us (that) _. （地球围着太阳转）,he will be back in an hour,he missed us very much,the earth moves around the sun,由从属连词whether, if 引导的宾语从句,e.g. 1. I want to know _. （他是否跟我们一起去公园）

30、 2. Ask him _. （他是否能来） 3. I dont know _.（是否要下雨）,if (whether) he will go to the park with us,whether (if) he can come,whether it is going to rain or not,whether, if在从句中不能充当成分， 当句末为or not时，引导词只能用whether而不能用if.,由连接代词what, whom, whose, which, what 连接副词 when, where, how, why引导的宾语从句,3.2 语序,宾语从句的语序用陈述语序： 连

31、接词+主语+谓语+其他成分,3.3 时态,I know he lives here . I know he lived here ten years ago . I have heard that he will come tomorrow .,主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态， 根据实际情况而定。,2.如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时）， 从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态 （一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）,I knew who lived here. I saw she was talking with her mother. He asked w

32、hether his father would come back tomorrow. He said that he had seen it.,The teacher told me she was born in 1960. I heard that he went to Paris last night.,3. 从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时， 仍用一般现在时。,Dad told us that it is better to do than to say. He told the boy that three and three is six. He told me the

33、 earth moves around the sun.,4. 从句中有具体过去时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍用一般过去时。,The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow. (be) The headmaster hopes everything _ well. (go) I hear they _ (return) it already. He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948. (be) Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east.

34、 (rise),will be,goes,have returned,had been,rises,3.4 宾语从句注意事项,1) 当从句的原句为以下句子以及what, who作主语时，语序不变： Whats wrong? Whats the matter? eg: I dont know whats the matter. Can you tell me who is over there?,2)在宾语从句中，只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句,(1)在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether Let me know wheth

35、er he will come or not (2)在介词的后面 Im thinking of whether we should go to see the film. (3)在带to的不定式前 We decided whether to walk there. (4)宾语从句提前时，不能换用if。 Whether this is true or not，I cant say这是否真的我说不上来。,3）否定的转移,若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等， 其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词

36、转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。,I dont think this dress fits you well. I dont think you are right.,我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。 我认为你是错的。,I dont believe you will finish the work today.,我认为你今天无法完成工作。,4.What time do you think _? will Besty come here B.Besty will come here C.is Besty coming here D.can Besty get here,疑问词+do you thi

37、nksuggestbelieve suppose +陈述语序：你认为怎么样？,4）宾语从句中用it作形式宾语,We think it our duty that we should help others. I find it impossible that he should finish the work in two days.,注意：如果主句中有形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，一般用it来作形式宾语，而真正的宾语that 从句则放在宾补后面,常用动词有think find make等。,B: it 作形式宾语的几种搭配关系,(1) make /find/ feel / consider /

38、 think it + adj / n + that,depend on it that take it for granted that See to it that,(2) like/dislike/love/hate /appreciate+it +if when从句,5) 宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词 insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, demand, require, request, desire, decide, determine, recommend, deserve (值得提及) 等词后的宾语从句，从句需用 s

39、hould +动词原形，should 可以省略。,一个坚持：insist 一个想要desire 一个宁愿 prefer 两个命令：order, command 三个建议：advise, suggest, propose 四个要求：demand, require, request, ask,IV 同位语从句,在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。 功能：同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明其前面的名词的具体内容 。 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) Th

40、e order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.,4.1 同位语在句子中的位置,同位语从句一般紧跟在所说明的名词 有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. Word came that Napoleon would come and inspect his grand army.,4. 2同位语从句的引导词,1. 同位语从句多用that来作连接词，而且不能

41、省略。 2. 同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“是否”的含义，用whether引导同位语从句(不用if)。 eg: Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time. 我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。 3. 如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“什么时候”、“ 什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义，应用what， when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。 Its the question how he did it. 问题是他是如何做这件事的。,注:,在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导

42、同位语从句.,I have no idea where he has gone. I have no idea when he did it. I have no idea what he did.,4.3 同位语从句常修饰的名词,同位语从句一般跟在抽象名词 fact, truth, belief, idea, news, hope, doubt, thought, order， decision， suggestion。 problem, information , word, result, promise, evidence, plan, answer, reply possibilit

43、y, opinion等后面, 用以说明或解释前面的名词. eg: The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.,1.The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. 2.His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfwa

44、y. 3.I have no doubt / There is no doubt that he will succeed. 4.The belief that all roads lead to Rome is shared by many people.,4.4 注意事项,同位语从句中的虚拟语气 同位语从句和定语从句的相似 同位语从句和定语从句的区别,1） 同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在 order, advice, suggestion, desire, proposal, demand, request, requirement, idea等名词后面的同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（shou

45、ld）+动词原形。 eg: He gave an order that the work be done at once.,考题点击： His suggestion that you _ once more sounds reasonable. A. try B. tries C. must try D. can try,A,试区分以下句子,Do you know the fact that he stole the car?,Do you know the fact that they were talking about?,注意：1. 如果是定语从句，它的从句肯定是不完整的，关系词肯定在句

46、中充当成分的；而同位语从句中的that只起连接作用。 2. 定语从句是对先行词起修饰作用，而同位语从句则解释说明先行词的具体内容。,(同从),(定从),2）同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处,（1）两种从句都可以译成定语,The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. （同位语从句） 我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。 The news that you told us is really encouraging. （定语从句） 你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。,（2）两种从句都可以用that引导,The suggesti

47、on that students should learn something practical is worth considering. （同位语从句） 学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。 The suggestion that is worth considering is that the students should learn something practical. （定语从句） 值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。,3）同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处,1）从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步 说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、 限定前面的名词。,e.g. The

48、 news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. （从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。） The news that you told us is really encouraging. （从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知）,（2）引导从句的关联词that的功能不同： that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分； 而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。,Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. （that 不充当任何成分） Dad made a promise that excited all his children. （that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语）,that 引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：,比较： 15.We expressed the hope (that/which) they had expressed. We expressed the ho