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1、河 北 农 业 大 学本科毕业（设计）论文外文文献翻译学 院： 城乡建设学院 专业班级： 农业水利工程0901班 学 号： 2009224010113 学生姓名： 周飞 指导教师姓名： 高惠嫣 指导教师职称： 讲师 二零一三 年 三 月6Water-saving irrigation1. Existing water-saving irrigation methodsIrrigation methods, field water distribution method is how to have been sent to the farms, the irrigation water is
2、evenly distributed to the active layer of the crop root. Irrigation water is the means by which to enter the active layer of roots, irrigation methods can be divided into surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation and underground irrigation.1.1 surface irrigationSurface irrigation is
3、 an ancient traditional irrigation method, in general, it is as compare whether water-saving basis points. Surface irrigation technology are constantly develop and constantly improve, so there are many more water-efficient than traditional surface irrigation technology.1.1.1 new furrow irrigation to
4、olsTraditional furrow irrigation with artificial opening from the distribution channel water into the furrow, it is neither accurate and inconvenient, and often cause the field of water loss due to water port leakage countries have already adopted the siphon (for open channel water ) or gate hole pi
5、pe (aqueduct) drainage, China has done a number of tests, proven to improve field water utilization rate of 5% to 10%.1.1.2 surge irrigationModern foreign developed wave Chung (groove) border irrigation or intermittent ditch (furrow) irrigation, traffic control into the ditch (furrow) is intermitten
6、t water and then put a period of time (a few minutes or tens of minutes) to field stop the water for some time (a few minutes or tens of minutes), and so forth, so that you can make along the ditch (furrow) the length direction of the water distribution is more uniform. Fields of water utilization u
7、p to 80% to 90%.Film hole irrigation (also known as the film hole irrigation)Gully, made on the film of water flow in the membrane, crops grow hole to penetrate the land, so that irrigation efficiency is high, generally water-saving 25% to 35%, an increase of 15% to 20%, they do not specifically fac
8、ilities.1.2 IrrigationSprinkler to spray through the air, due to the pressure of the commonly used pressure aqueduct. In general, its obvious advantages irrigation uniformity, less of farmland, save manpower, strong adaptability to the terrain. The main disadvantage is influenced by wind, high inves
9、tment in equipment. More in our country are the following: fixed pipe sprinkler, the semi-mobile pipeline sprinkler irrigation, a rolling shift sprinkler manifold, when the needle irrigation machine, a large pan spray irrigation machine, grain irrigation machine in microirrigators units and so on.1.
10、3 drip irrigationIrrigation water with a small plastic tube directly sent to the the Meike crop roots near the water drip out slowly by drippers, a sophisticated irrigation methods, only need water to irrigation can truly only irrigation crop Instead of filling the land. And can be a long time in th
11、e crop root zone moisture in the optimal state, so to save water and increase production. But its biggest drawback is the Dripper out flow orifice is small, the flow rate is low, so serious congestion problems. Irrigation water must be carefully filtering and processing. At present, China has only n
12、oticed to prevent physical clogging equally serious clogging the biological and chemical clogging problem has not been taken seriously enough. The main way of drip irrigation: fixed-ground drip irrigation, semi-fixed-ground drip irrigation. Membrane under irrigation, drip irrigation and other underg
13、round.1.4micro-sprinkler irrigationSome places called mist irrigation, and drip irrigation similar too easy just to overcome the Dripper disadvantage of clogging the drippers to micro sprinklers, micro-sprinkler flow orifice large, large number of traffic flow rate faster Unlike drippers so easy to
14、plug, but the traffic has increased, capillary accordingly should bold some 1 to 2 micro sprinklers installed in every crop or tree usually can meet the needs of irrigation. Micro nozzle still clogged filtration problems, and therefore should be given adequate attention, the cost per hectare is simi
15、lar to fixed-drip irrigation. Gradually replaced by drip irrigation micro sprinkler irrigation in a foreign country. Especially suitable for irrigated orchards.1.5 subsurface irrigationSimilar to the subsurface irrigation and underground drip, just the Dripper all buried in the underground seepage h
16、ead instead, the seepage head of water Unlike drippers as drop by drop outflow, but slowly seepage, such seepage head is not easy soil particles and root blockage. Recently introduced in a foreign country using waste tires processed into porous percolation pipe, and the pilot of a small area, but th
17、e clogging of the micropores seepage pipe is a serious problem, without the test to test for a long time should not be hastily promotion.1.6underground irrigationThe underground irrigation irrigation is a method to control the water table. To irrigation groundwater table elevation to the water can e
18、nter the height of the root activity layers, the ground remains dry, so very provincial water, no irrigation, groundwater levels drop down. The limitations of this approach, only the root activity layers impermeable layer Caixing.2. Select the factors that affect water-saving irrigation methods2.1 w
19、eather conditionsChina from the southeast coast to the inland northwest, generally divided into sub-humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid and arid regions, With dryness incremental, the dependence of crop irrigation is incremented accordingly. Humid regions for many years the average annual rainf
20、all is greater than the cultivation of dry crops in the field water consumption, water resources total more than just a lack of precipitation in the dry season and drought years, supplemental irrigation is required; semi-humid areas average annual rainfall is basically in line with planting drought
21、crop water demand, but due to the uneven distribution of precipitation, dry years and dry season water shortages more; semi-arid areas average annual rainfall can not meet the crop water requirements, if there is no irrigation, agricultural production is very unstable, such areas such as irrigation,
22、 wasteland farming, the destruction of natural vegetation, can easily cause desertification; rainfall is scarce in arid regions, irrigation agriculture, water scarcity of such areas, river runoff from the alpine rain and snow melt water, industry and agriculture not only depend on the development an
23、d survival of the natural vegetation along the river channel near river water for irrigation, and therefore reference, must take into account the natural ecological water. 2.2 the topography and hydrogeological conditionsTopography and hydrogeological conditions affecting the natural distribution of
24、 rainwater, will also affect the pattern of water-saving irrigation. Ground on steep mountain hilly area prone to soil erosion and drought, water-saving irrigation to adopt comprehensive measures. Cultivation technology and terracing, field ridges through agricultural consumption, reduce the sloping
25、 soil erosion and soil evaporation; gullies on the construction of embankments, or in suitable locations for the construction of water cellars, storing runoff solve drinking water and a small area irrigation water; repair reservoirs in the gullies and tributaries, centralized control runoff diversio
26、n project isolated tangba communication, formation of Chodo Jiegua-irrigation systems, improve rain water utilization and irrigation water to ensure rate.2.3 the use of surface water resources conditionsPlain areas and open mountain basin, water conditions were better, but different parts have signi
27、ficant differences. Piedmont sloping plain terrain slope, coarse sediment, runoff smooth, rich groundwater recharge, water quality, is conducive to the development and utilization. Slowing the central plains terrain slope sediments thinning increased level surface several times due to river flood di
28、version, post depression to staggered, affect runoff excretion increased groundwater salinity under arid climatic conditions, soil there will be varying degrees of salinization phenomenon. The plains lower part of the lakeside and coastal area, low and flat, the soil is heavy clay, surface and under
29、ground runoff, poor drainage, arid climatic conditions, high salinity of groundwater development and utilization of difficulties, serious soil salinization. This region in the river downstream, dry season, the rivers and the rainy season is threatened by the flood, so building large and medium-sized
30、 irrigation and well irrigation area in the plains area, due to the different parts of which the landforms, water conditions and accompanying drought waterlogging, salinity and other disasters also vary from place to place.2.4 specific plantingFruit trees, irrigation quota vary according to the type
31、 of fruit trees, varieties and rootstock characteristics, age size. Drought-tolerant tree species, such as jujube, chestnut and rootstock species with lower water requirements the irrigation quota can be as small; poor drought tolerance of species, such as grapes, apples, pears, irrigation quota sho
32、uld be larger. The saplings should be less irrigation, the results of fruit trees can be more than irrigation. Saudi orchards should small water more than irrigation. Saline land orchard irrigation should be noted that the groundwater level, in order to prevent the return of salt, returned to base.
33、Generally into one of the most suitable age fruit trees irrigation, soil moisture completely wet fruit tree roots within appropriate. Under the conditions of use of water-saving irrigation methods, irrigation to reach a depth of 0.4-0.5 meters, plenty of water up to 0.8-1.0 meters.To mature vine irr
34、igation, mainly in the grape growing infancy, before and after flowering, berry enlargement period and grapes after harvest period, the general irrigation 5-7 times.节水灌溉一现有的节水灌溉方法灌水方法即田间配水方法，就是如何将已送到田头的灌溉水均匀地分布到作物根系活动层中去。按灌溉水是通过何种途径进入根系活动层，灌水方法可分为地面灌溉、喷灌、微灌和地下灌溉。(一)地面灌溉地面灌溉是古老的传统的灌水方法，一般说来它是作为比较是否节水
35、的基点。但是地面灌溉技术也在不断发展不断完善，所以最近也有许多比传统地面灌溉技术更节水的方法。1.新的沟畦灌水工具传统的沟畦灌水是用人工从配水渠开口放水入沟畦，这样既不准确又不方便，而且常因放水口渗漏造成水的田间损失，国外早已采用虹吸管(用于明渠输水的情况)或闸门孔管(用于管道输水的情况)放水，我国已做了一些试验，证明可提高田间水利用率5%10%。2.波涌灌溉近代国外又研究出波涌(沟)畦灌或称间歇沟(畦)灌，就是控制放入沟(畦)的流量是间歇的，向田间放一段时间(几分钟或几十分钟)的水然后停止放水一段时间(几分钟或几十分钟)，如此反复，这样可以使沿沟(畦)长度方向的水量分布更加均匀。田间水利用率
36、可达80%90%。3.膜上灌(又称膜孔灌)在地膜上做成沟状，水就在膜上流动，到作物长出孔处才渗入土地，这样灌水效率高，一般可节水25%35%，增产15%20%，又不要专门的设施。(二)喷灌喷灌是通过空中进行喷水，由于需要压力所以常用压力管道输水。一般说来，其明显的优点是灌水均匀，少占耕地，节省人力，对地形的适应性强。主要缺点是受风影响大，设备投资高。在我国用得较多的有以下几种：固定管道式喷灌、.半移动式管道喷灌、滚移式喷灌支管、时针式喷灌机、大型平移喷灌机、纹盘式喷灌机以及中、小型喷灌机组等。(三)滴灌是用小塑料管将灌溉水直接送到每棵作物根部的附近，水由滴头慢慢滴出，是一种精密的灌溉方法，只有
37、需要水的地方才灌水，可真正做到只灌作物而不是灌土地。而且可长时间使作物根区的水分处于最优状态，因此既省水又增产。但其最大缺点就是滴头出流孔口小，流速低，因此堵塞问题严重。对灌溉水一定要认真地进行过滤和处理。目前我国还都只注意到防止物理堵塞，而同样严重的生物堵塞和化学堵塞问题尚未引起足够的重视。滴灌的主要方式有：.固定式地面滴灌、半固定式地面滴灌、.膜下灌、地下滴灌等。(四)微喷灌有的地方称之为雾灌，与滴灌相似，只是为了克服滴头太易于堵塞的缺点，将滴头改为微喷头，由于微喷头出流孔口大一些，流量大一些，流速快一些，所以不像滴头那么容易堵塞，但流量加大了，毛管相应也要加粗些，在每棵作物或树下装12个
38、微喷头一般即可满足灌溉的需要。微喷头仍有堵塞问题，因此也要对过滤问题给予足够的重视，每公顷造价与固定式滴灌相仿。在国外有逐渐以微喷灌取代滴灌的趋势。特别适用于灌溉果园。(五)渗灌渗灌与地下的滴灌相似，只是用渗头代替滴头全部埋在地下，渗头的水不像滴头那样一滴一滴地流出，而是慢慢的渗流出来，这样渗头不容易被土粒和根系所堵塞。最近在国外引进采用废轮胎加工成的多孔渗流管，并进行小面积试点，但是微孔渗流管的堵塞是一个严重的问题，未经长时间试验检验不宜贸然推广。(六)地下灌溉地下灌溉是用控制地下水位的方法进行灌溉。在要灌溉时把地下水位抬高到水可以进入根系活动层的高度，地面仍保持干燥，所以非常省水，不灌溉时
39、把地下水位降下去。这种方法的局限性很大，只有在根系活动层下以有不透水层时才行。二影响节水灌溉方式选择的因素(一)气候条件我国由东南沿海向西北内陆，一般划分为湿润地区、半湿润地区、半干旱地区和干旱地区，随着干燥度的递增，农作物对灌溉的依赖程度也相应递增。湿润地区多年平均降水量大于种植旱作物的田间耗水量，水资源总量有余，只是在干旱季节和部分干旱年份降水量不足，需要补充灌溉；半湿润地区多年平均降水量基本符合种植旱作物的需水量，但由于降水分布不均，干旱年份和干旱季节缺水较多；半干旱地区多年平均降水量不能满足作物需水量，如果没有灌溉条件，农业生产则极不稳定，这类地区如无灌溉条件，开荒种地，破坏自然植被，
40、极易引起土地沙化；干旱地区降水稀少，没有灌溉条件就没有农业，这类地区水源奇缺，河川径流主要来自高山降雨和冰雪融水，不仅工农业赖以发展，而且沿河道附近的自然植被也赖以生存，因此引用河水灌溉，必须顾及自然生态用水。(二)地形地貌和水文地质条件因为地形地貌和水文地质条件影响雨水的自然分配，所以也会影响节水灌溉的模式。如山区丘陵区地面坡度陡，易产生水土流失和干旱，因此节水灌溉要采取综合措施。一是通过农业耗作栽培技术和修筑梯田、地埂等，减少坡地水土流失和土壤水分蒸发；二是在冲沟上修筑塘坝，或在适当地点修筑水窖，拦蓄径流，解决饮水和小面积灌溉用水；三是在大的冲沟和支流上修水库，集中控制径流，通过引水工程将
41、各个孤立的塘坝沟通，形成长藤结瓜式的灌溉系统，提高雨水利用率和灌溉用水保证率。(三)可利用的地表水资源条件平原地区和开阔的山间盆地，水源条件较好，但不同部位也有显著差别。山前倾斜平原地形坡度大，沉积物颗粒粗，径流通畅，地下水补给丰富，水质优良，有利于开发利用。平原中部地形坡度渐缓，沉积物变细，层次增多，地表由于河流多次泛滥改道，岗洼交错，影响径流排泄，在干旱气候条件下，地下水矿化度升高，土壤会出现不同程度的盐碱化现象。平原下部湖滨和滨海区，地势低平，土质粘重，地表和地下径流排泄不畅，在干旱气候条件下，地下水矿化度高，开发利用困难，土壤盐渍化严重。且这一地区由于位于河道下游，旱季河水断流，雨季受
42、洪水威胁，因此建设在平原区的大中型灌区和井灌区，由于所处的地貌部位不同，其水源条件和与之相伴的旱、涝、盐碱等灾害也因地而异。(四)具体的种植情况果树的灌水定额依果树的种类、品种和砧木特性、树龄大小而有所不同。耐旱树种，如枣树、板栗等及砧木是水分要求较低的树种，灌水定额可以小一些；耐旱性较差的树种，如葡萄、苹果、梨等，灌水定额应大一些。幼树应少灌水，结果果树可多灌水。沙地果园，宜小水多灌。盐碱地果园灌水应注意地下水位，以防止返盐、返碱。一般成龄果树一次最适宜的灌水量，以水分完全湿润果树根系范围内的土层为宜。在采用节水灌溉方法的条件下，要达到的灌溉深度为米，水源充足时可达米。给成龄葡萄树灌水，主要是在葡萄生长的萌芽期、花期前后、浆果膨大期和葡萄采收后的4个时期，一般灌水57次。