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1、第十三篇Better Solar Energy Systems:More Heat,More Light更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光 Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. Thats because they o
2、perate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isnt a very efficient way to gather heat. 太阳能光伏能源系统，或PVTs，产生热能和电能，但直到现在，他们还没有被很好的热产生部件相比，一个独立的太阳能集热器。那是因为他们工作在较低的温度下冷却晶体硅太阳能电池，使硅产生更多的电力，但不是一个非常有效的方式收集热。 Thats an economics proble
3、m. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And its also a real estate problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. 这是一个经济学问题。好的太阳能热水系统可以获得比在相当低的成本的太阳能电力系统
4、更多的能量。这是一个房地产的问题：光伏电池可以在屋顶的空间，离开小房间的热的应用。 In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in Calif
5、ornia and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queens University, Canada. 在对研究，约书亚皮尔斯，材料科学与工程学院副教授，已经设计出更好的PVT和硅的一种不同的形式的解决方案。他的研究合作者，Kunal基洛特拉从thinsilicon在加利福尼亚和迈克尔Pathak和史蒂芬哈里森从女王大学，加拿大。 Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous sil
6、icon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They dont create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form o
7、f the Staebler-Wronski effect. 大多数太阳能电池板与晶体硅制成的，但你也可以从非晶硅太阳能电池，俗称薄膜硅。他们不能创造更多的电力，但他们更轻，灵活，和更便宜的。和，因为他们需要更少的硅，他们有一个绿色的足迹。不幸的是，薄膜硅太阳能电池的Staebler-Wronski效应的形式很容易受到一些坏消息的物理。 “That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to lightpretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pear
8、ce explains, which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market. “这意味着，他们的效率下降，当你把它们用于太阳能电池非常糟糕的影响，”皮尔斯解释说，这是原因之一，薄膜太阳能电池板只占一小部分的市场。 However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon
9、in a new type of PVT.You dont have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearces group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they
10、 applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by spike annealing (baking the cell once a day), they boosted the solar cells electrical efficiency by over 10 percent. 然而，皮尔斯和他的团队发现了一种围绕Staebler-Wronski效应将薄膜硅在列兵的新型不用冷却薄膜硅使它工作。事实上，皮尔斯的小组发现，通过加热到太阳能热工作
11、温度，接近水的沸点，他们可以制造较厚的细胞，在很大程度上克服了Staebler-Wronski效应。当他们用硅薄膜直接向太阳热能收集器，他们还发现，尖峰退火（小细胞每天一次），他们推动了太阳能电池的发电效率超过百分之10。第十四篇 Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters鲨鱼有益于地球水系It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to attack people frequently. But these f
12、ish perform a valuable service for earths waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their existence .Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from Earth.要让人们相信鲨鱼不是人类的死敌不是一件很容易的事。人们认为鲨鱼经常袭击人类。但鲨鱼在为地球水系和人类做着有价值的贡献。商业和捕鱼运动仍在威胁着它们的生存，有些鲨鱼面临着从地球上消失的危险。Warm weather may inf
13、luence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas because of their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, where people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person for a sea anim
14、al, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the times when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.温暖的气候影响着鱼类和鲨鱼的活动。由于水温变暖，很多鱼类游到海边。专家认为鲨鱼跟随其他鱼类，也来到
15、人类有用的区域。实际上鲨鱼并非故意袭击人类。人们认为，由于鲨鱼将人错认为是海狮等海洋动物，在饥饿时才袭击人类。日出和日落时，正是鲨鱼饥肠辘辘的时候，人们不应该出海游泳。专家还提到鲜艳的色彩和闪光的珠宝也会诱使鲨鱼袭击。A shark has an extremely good sense of smell， It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals produced by animals. These powerful senses help shark
16、s fred their food. Sharks eat fish, any other sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.鲨鱼的嗅觉特别灵敏，能嗅到海水中存在的极为微量的气味，比如血液、体液和动物散发的化学物质。灵敏的嗅觉有助于鲨鱼找到食物。鲨鱼以鱼、其他鲨鱼和海洋植物为生。Medical researchers want to learn more about the sharks body defense, and immune systems against disease. Researchers know that sharks
17、recover quickly from injuries. Theystudy the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.医学研究人员想要更多了解的是鲨鱼的身体抗病免疫系统。研究人员发现鲨鱼受伤会很快恢复，他们希望通过研究鲨鱼，找到一种人类抗病的方法。Sharks are important for the worlds oceans .They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other
18、 fish in ocean waters do not become too great .This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.鲨鱼有益于海洋。它们吃受伤的和生病的鱼。它们的捕猎活动使其他海洋鱼类的数目不会过多，这就保护了海洋中的植物和其他生灵。第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage“液化”是日本地震破坏的关键 The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Ja
19、pan caused a significant level of soilliquefaction that has surprised researchers with its widespread severity, a new analysis shows. 日本大地震造成俯冲区土壤显著水平，“液化”，研究人员惊奇的广泛程度，新的分析结果显示。 Weve seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and extent of damage in Japa
20、n were unusually severe, said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University. Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments, Ashford said. The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these c
21、ommunities need to function. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet. “我们已经看到了砂土液化实例作为本地化之前的极端，但距离和在日本造成的损害程度非常严重，”史葛说阿什福德，一个在俄勒冈州立大学岩土工程教授。”整个结构的倾斜和下沉到沉积物，“阿什福德说。”土壤中的水的位移破坏，排水和煤气管道，严重的社区的公共和基础设施所需要的功能。我们看到一些地方，下跌了多达四英尺。” Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major eart
22、hquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their strength and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or collapse 一些土壤液化度几乎在任何大地震是常见的。这一现象在土壤与水浸泡，特别是最近的沉积物或砂，可以大大减少其强度和流动地震期间。这可以使建筑物移动、下沉或倒塌 . But m
23、ost earthquakes are much shorter than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this. 但大多数地震都比日本最近的事件的时间短的多，阿什福德说。日本地震的长度，高达五分
24、钟，可能会迫使研究者重新考虑液化破坏可能发生在这种情况下的程度。 With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw how structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes, he said. And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on re
25、cently filled ground, are much more vulnerable. “由于地震持续时间长，我们看到的结构，可能是30秒后才继续下沉和倾斜晃动持续了几分钟好了，“他说。”很显然，年轻的沉积物，特别是地区建立在最近满地面，脆弱得多。”The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil phenomenon and better prepare f
26、or it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, before damage was removed in the recovery efforts. 通过分析数据提供日本地震，研究人员说，应该尽可能的提高土壤现象的理解和更好的准备在未来。阿什福德说，这是该队的收集信息的关键，在破坏在努力恢复删除。 Theres no doubt that well learn things from what happened in Japan that wil
27、l help us to reduce risks in other similar events, Ashford said. Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns. “毫无疑问，我们会从中学习japanthat所发生的事情将帮助我们减少在其他类似事件的风险，”阿什福德说。“
28、在一些地方，未来的建设可能会使更多的使用可以减少液化技术，如更好的压实作用使土壤致密，或使用增强的石头柱子。” Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction -on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The young sediments, in geologic terms, may be those deposited within the past 10,000
29、years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities. 阿什福德指出，加利福尼亚北部有年轻的土壤容易液化，在海岸附近的河流沉积，或与填方区。“年轻”的沉积物，在地质条件，可存放在过去的10000年或以上。在俄勒冈，例如，描述多的波特兰市中心，波特兰国际机场和其他城市。 Anything near a river and old flood plains is a suspect, a
30、nd the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to prevent collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction standards helped prevent many buildings from collapse -even as they tilted and sank into the ground. 在河流和泛滥平原什么是犯罪嫌疑人，和俄勒冈运输部已得出结论，该州的1100座桥梁在地震风险。少于百分之15人已被加固以防止崩溃。日本在三月十一日地震中遭受巨大损失，但日本的建筑标准帮助许多建筑物倒塌即使他们倾斜而沉入地面。