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1、湖北省武汉为明实验学校中考英语总复习语法大全一、主 要句式 人教新目标版第二篇句法主要句式（一）知识概要初中所学的句型一般变分为陈述句、铤问句、祈城F和感叹句。陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分二 其中可以分为以下五种：主语+不及物动词。如：I arrived at six last night. 主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good EnglishChinese Dictionary yesterday. 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed.这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell,g
2、ive, ask, pass, teach.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语，如： Tomis an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be句型，表示存在某种事物，如： Thereis a map on the wall其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后，也要保持be动词
3、，不要换用 have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题，即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点：用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer anddancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以s结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如：The news is good（news为不可数名词）
4、。 有量词时应按量词的数量计算；如： This pair of glasses is goodMyglasses are broken.有些形单却意为复数的名词，如： People are coming here 这样的词还有Police ,如果要讲一个警察时，应讲a policeman 。两个警察为two policemen 。又如a policewoman,two policewomen 所有不定代词 each , either , neither , one , the other , nobody , nothing , anyone, anything , someone, some
5、thing 要作为单数如：Someone is waiting for you在并歹U句中表示联合关系的连词有：and not only but also , neither nor , either or如：My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。 表示转折关系的并歹U连词有：but 和yet , 如： She is a good student, but she didnt pass the final exam. 又如：I think the news is strange, yet it is true表示选择关系的连词有：or
6、, either or , 如： Hurry up, or youwill be late for school表示因果关系的并列连词有：for , so 如：They studied very hard ,so they all passed the exam在初中范用复介句中主要在状语从句和宾语从句（名词性从句）两种，而定语从句（形容词性从句）要在高中讲述，为了使同学阅读文章方便，我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如： I knew the man,而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如： I knew that he was a g
7、ood man这时宾语从句的连接词有that, （that只在从句中起联接作用，不在句中充当语法成分，既不是主语也不是宾语，所以在口语中常常被省略。如：I am sure （that） she has passed the examif, whether它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用，不起语法作用，当作是否讲。从句中有or not结构时，要用whether,如：I askhim if （whether） he has had his lunch I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not what它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外，还要作主语或宾语成份
8、，如：I dont understand what you said（what 作said 的宾语）。又如：I asked him what made him sick （what在宾语从句中作主语 ）。 who,它也和 what一样，在句中除作连接词外，可以充当句中的成份，如：I know who she is lookingfor? whose 如：I want to know whose book this is? which 如： Do you know which book is mine? 在连接匠中还在4个常用的连接副词， how它的应用最广，如： how much, how m
9、any, how long, how soon, how old 。如： How much does it cost? when 它只是连接时间状语， 如：Please tell mewhen the meeting will begin? where 它连接地点状语，如： Where are you from? why 它要连接的是原因状语从句，如： The teacher asked why Tomdidnt cometo school. 在考试中常见到的考点是：宾语从句的时态与主甸时态的呼，应问题, 主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态，如：I know
10、 he didnt come.我知道他没来。I know he will come tomorrow我知道他明天来。 I know he has gone to London我知道他已去伦敦了。 主句中的谓语动词若是过去时，宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时，不能用现在时态。如：I wanted to know when he would come The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun 状语从甸主要有时间状语从句，其连接词有：after , befo
11、re , when , as , as soon as, until（till） , while , since , by 其中较却哗柱的有以卜几点，until （till） 直到，在用until 表达时间状语的句子中， 主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。 如动词是持续性动词， 它要用肯定句，如： I studied hard until 12 oclock last night.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如： Hedidnt go to bed until his mother came back 由 since , for , by , before 来弓 I导的时间状语从句。
12、since引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如： I have studied English since 19 9 0 而由by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如： I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term 而before 则多用于完成时，ago则多用于一般过去时，如：He had finishedhis work before twelve yesterdayI left my hometown two years ago 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，如：I
13、f it rains,they wont go to the park on Sunday也可以主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去进行时，如： Hesaid if it rained the next day he would not go to the park考试中常见的考点有：要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句，因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态，如：I want to knowif he will come here tomorrow在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系，如：I want to knowif it rains he will come here tomorro
14、w 在原因状语从句十主要是 because , 应译为因为。 它表达的因果关系最强，如： He didnt pass the exam because he didnt study hard since应译为既然，如： Since you were ill yesterdayI left some notes on your desk as应译为由于，如：As it is too hot wed better go swimmingsince 与as 所表达的因果关系远比because弱得多。而for 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首，如： He studies hard, for he w
15、ants to go to college在比较状语从句中白同级比较asas ,如：This book is as good asthat one要注意的有两点： asas中间要用原级而不是比较级。 用形容词还是副词，如：Mary writes as carefully as Tom而其否定句为 not as （so） as , 如： They didnt work sohard as we did,而不同级比较用比较级加than, 如：He is younger than I am要注意的是表示越来越这一概念时有两个句型：比较级+ and +比较级，如： The days are getti
16、ng longer andlonger The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful 定冠词 the + 比较级+the + 比较级，如： The harder you study, the more you can learn万 H状语中要注意的是as （连词）与like （ 介词）的区别。as作为连词其后接从句，如： Please do it as I did it但后面的句子常作省略，如：Please do it as I 而like 是介词，其后要接的是宾语，如： Pleasedo it like me结.果和口的状厝从句1要有
17、sothat , so that , in order that 等几种用法。 sothat 至单数数名词前，so + 形容词 + a +名词 + that ,如：She is so beautifula girl that everyone likes her 或用 such + a + 形容词 + 名词 + that, 如：Sheis such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用such , 如：It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic又如： The
18、y are such goodplayers that they should win the game. 在 much, many, few , little之前只能用 so, 如：I have so little money that I cant buy it so that 之间只有形容词时，则不能用 such , 如：It is so good that I want to buy so that 其后接从句，如： I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus（二）正误辨析误 The stories in that book
19、 was written many years ago正 The stories in that book were written many years ago.析 作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词，它们往往要带有修饰词，这些词可能是形容词，也可 能是短语，但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数，要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同 的语法成份，如：book作了 of的介词宾语则不可能再作主语了。误 To read many books are good for you正 To read many books is good for you析不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。误 What
20、he said are right正 What he said is right析从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。正 The rich is not always happy误 The rich are not always happy析 形容词+定冠词表示一类人，谓语动词应用复数， 如：The young are very interested in studyand sports误 The school master and writer are coming正 The school master and writer is coming析 本句应译为：校长兼作家就要来了。而 The sc
21、hool master and the writer are coming则要译为：校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中确实有The girl and boy are playing on the grass这应译为：一个女孩，一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。又如：thehusban d and wife夫妻二人。误 You or she go to get some water for us正 You or she goes to get some water for us析 由or连接的两个主语应以离谓语动词近的那一个计算其数。这样的用法还有either or
22、,neither nor , not only but also 也有人称作就近原则。误 The teacher with a lot of students come into the classroom正 The teacher with a lot of students comes into the classroom析真正的主语是the teacher ,而with 短语是伴随状态，不影响主语的数。误 My glasses is broken正 My glasses are broken误 This pair of glasses are good正 This pair of gla
23、sses is good误 These kinds of butter is good.正 These kinds of butter are good析 英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： glasses 眼镜，shorts短裤等。如没有量词在前时，要用复数谓语动词，但有了量词之后则要按量词的单复数计算。误 One of the boys are going to take part in the match正 One of the boys is going to take part in the match析One of结构应以one来计算主语的数。误 Half of the work a
24、re done正 Half of the work is done误 Half of the books is read正 Half of the books are read析在小于1的数量词作主语时，如： 2 3 , 8 0 %, 0. 3 5+ of +名词，这时主语的数应按of后面的名词计算。如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数，则谓语动词要用单数，如名词是 复数则要用复数谓语动词。误 Each sides are full of trees正 Each side is full of trees误Both side is full of trees正 Both sides are fu
25、ll of trees析each , either 其后都要加单数名词， 而both 后要加复数名词。 如：each , either , another , little , a little , much等作主语时，谓语动词全部要用单数形式。误 The boys each has an apple正 The boys each have an apple析each作同位语时，不影响句子的主语。误 Everyone of us has a ticket for the concert正 Every one of us has a ticket for the concert析everyone
26、 , someone, everybody 在作主语时者B不能力口 of 结构。误 Girls like dancing very much, but few likes playing football正 Girls like dancing very much, but few like playing football析few 虽然含意上是几乎没有，但作主语时仍要当作复数。误 The number of the workers in that factory are two hundred正 The number of the workers in that factory is two
27、 hundred析the number of 意为：某某的数字是 如：the number of students 学生人数，the numberof players 运动员人数。不论数字如何都应看作单数。而 a number of 与many意思相同，其后加可 数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式。如： A number of students are playing on the grass误 The rest of the students is here正 The rest of the students are here误 The rest of the work are done正 Th
28、e rest of the work is done析t he rest of 的用法与2/3, 一半，8 0%+ of的结构一致，of后面为可数名词复数时 用复数谓语动词，为不可数名词或可数名词单数时用单数谓语动词。这样用法还有lots of , a lot of,plenty of 。误 The news in todays newspaper are not bad正 The news in todays newspaper is not bad析 有些以s结尾的名词要用作不可数名词，它们是：news, physics , mathematics , thanks ,误 The Chin
29、ese is kind and friendly正 The Chinese are kind and friendly析Chinese 作为中文来讲是单数名词，但作为中国人讲是单复同形的名词。如：one Chinese , twoChinese 而 The Chinese = The people of China要用复数谓语动词。误 This dictionary is too expensive for meTen dollars are a big sum for me正 This dictionary is too e xpensive for meTen dollars is a b
30、ig sum for me析 表示一段时间，一笔金钱，一段距离，都应看作单数名词。误 Who are going to take part in our football match?正 Who is going to take part in our football match?析 用who提问时，习惯上用单数谓语动词，但which 则要视其情况而定，如：which are betterthese shoeses or those shoes? 又如： which is better this one or that one?误 What a hot weather it is!误 How
31、 hot the weather it is!正 What hot weather it is!正 How hot the weather is!析感叹句是用来表达说话人的喜怒哀乐的感情。它由what与how作句子的开始，判定是用what还是用how的最好办法是将它们换为陈述句，比如： What the hot weather it is!应转换为：It is the hot weather那么句子的起点是单词 it 。 再来看感叹句中it 前有不可数名词 weather ,则只能用 what。再看第二句 How hot the weather is! 转为陈述句时为： The weather
32、 is hot 这时 句子的开始单词为 the weather , 再来看感叹句在 the weather 前只有形容词，所以应用 how。 至 于是用what a 还是what要看名词的具体情况而定，单数可数名词加what a 其余的加用 what。误 We have to sing this , have we?误 We have to sing this , havent we?正 We have to sing this, dont we?析 在反意疑问句中除了标准的一些常规外，有一些例外：Lets go home , shall we?Let us go home , will yo
33、u?She had to leave , didnt she?Do your homework at once , will you?There is not much good news in todays newspaper, is there?Neither of them are right , are they?I think he will come to the party wont he?think后的宾语从句，与其他宾语从句不一样，在初中只有这样一个较特殊的词。这样的句子的反意疑 问句的主语要用宾语从句中的主语，其助动词要用宾语从句的助动词，而肯定还是否定要看主句谓语动 词而
34、定，如： I dont think he is coming to our party, is he?误 I want to know where does he live正 I want to know where he lives析 宾语从句中一律要用陈述语序，而不用疑问语序。误 -I havent got a ticket for the football match-Nor I have正 -I havent got a ticket for the football match-Nor (Neither) have I析nor , neither用在简答否定句中时要采用倒装语序。在肯
35、定句的简答句中则要用so,如：Ido my homework very quickly , So does Mary误Look!Here the buscomes!正Look!Herecomes thebus!误Look!Herecomes he!正Look!Herehe comes析 在there , here打头的句子中，如果主语是名词，则要采用倒装语序；如果是人称代词则用 一般语序。误 Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us?No, I dont hope so正 Do you want Mary to go to the cinema
36、with us?No, I hope not析 我不这样想，可用I dont think so但hope的否定简答句只能用I hope not 这是习惯用法。但这两个词的肯定简答句形是一样的，如： I think so. I hope so误 That is difficult for us to learn English well正 It is difficult for us to learn English well析It 这里的语法作用是形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的不定式。形式主语和形式宾语都要用 it而不能用 that , 如：I think it difficult to le
37、arn English wellit在这句中是 think 的形式宾语。（三）例题解析1 There a pencil box on the deskA .is B. are C. has D. have答案1 A.析There be 句形中的be 动词要看其后面离它最近的名词而定，如： There are two books anda pencil on the desk但去口可以讲 There is a pencil and two books on the desk 2 Could you tell me AMrs King where lives Bwhere does Mrs Kin
38、g liveCwhere Mrs King lives DMrs King lives where答案1 C.析宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。3 Your brother came to see you , ?didnt hecame为过去时态，所以应用didnt heA does he B doesnt he C did he D答案1 D.析前句是肯定句，后面反意疑问句要用否定句，同时4 Its getting cloudy , ?A does it B doesnt it Cis it D isnt it答案1 D.析要区分s 是has还是is , 这里由getting 得出s 是is
39、。5 keep me waiting so long .A Not B Wont C Dont D Not to答案1 C.析Dont +动词原形为祈始句的否定句。6 Mr Green hasnt been to Beijing, ?A has he B hasnt he C did he D didnt he答案1 A.析此句has是助动词与过去分词构成现在完成时态。7 You have your lunch at school, ?A have you B havent you C do you D dont you 答案1 D.析 这里的have是实意动词吃，而不是助动词。8 sunny
40、 day! Lets go out for a walk.A How a B How C What a D What答案1 C.析这个感叹句是个省略句，其真实的句子应为 What a sunny day it is!9- Can you tell me ?- Sure Shes a nurseA where is your sister Bwhere your sister isC what is your sister Dwhat your sister is答案1 D.What问的是职业,析 who 问的是姓名，如： Who is he? He is Smith 或 He is my fa
41、ther 如： What is he? He is a teacher10 John likes listening to the radio, ?A does he B doesnt he C doesnt John D does Johe答案1 B.析当名词作主语时，反意疑问句应用代词。11 Neither you nor I on the team A are B were C am D is答案1 C.析 由neither nor作连接词作主语时，其谓语动词要与相临近的那个主语相呼应。 12 delicious food! Id like some moreA what a B How
42、 a C What D How答案1 C.析因food 为不可数名词。13 there a cat under the chair?A Are B Is C Has D Have答案1 B.析这是there be句型的疑问句。14 Could you tell me ?A when the train will arrive Bwhen the train arrivedC when did the train arrive Dwhen does the train arrives答案1 A.析could用于现在时疑问句表达了口气的委婉，并不是过去时态。且宾语从句要用陈述语句。15 - bad
43、 weather!-Yes , But its going to be fine soon, I thinkAHow BWhat a CWhat an D What答案1 D.析weather 为不可数名词。16 - Could you tell me ?-Yes , They to the libraryAwhere are the twins, have beenBwhere were the twins, have beenCwhere the twins are, have goneDwhere the twins were, have gone答案1 C.析have been to是
44、去过什么地方，而现在回来了。have gone to是到某地去了，人现在不在这里。17 Go and the TV quickly The volleyball match will begin right away.A turn off B turn down C turn up D turn on答案1 D.析这是个祈使句，它由 and连接两个动词。注意词组搭配的不同含义。18 Lets go for some tea , ?A shall we B will we C do we D dont we答案1 A.析Lets go ，shall we? Let us go ，will you
45、?这是两个特殊的反意疑问句。19 Joans short , ?A wasnt she B hasnt she C isnt she D doesnt she答案1 C.析在此句中应视s为is ,而不是has或was。20 I dont know to read the word .A which B what C whose D how答案1 D.析因不定式to read.中的read 是及物动词，已有自己的宾语the word,所以应用疑问副词 how。1021 He didnt go to school , he was illA for Bbut C and D so答案1 A.so引析这里是表示因果的关系，从句表示原因，所以用for ,放于句尾，且常常前面有一个逗号。起的是结果状语从句，如：He was only twelve , so he couldnt join the army22 The young woman can hardly ride a bike , she?A doesnt Bdoes C cant D can答案1 D.析hardly 为否定词，所以应视此句为否定句。其后的反意疑问句应用肯定句。23 Tom never goes to the cinema on Sundays , ?A does he B doesnt he