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1、 时态与语态一 一般现在时，表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作和状态，常见的时间状语包括sometimes, often, usually, alway，s occasionally, now and then,on weekends,onSundays,every week/month/year等She always takes a walk in the evening.He often does his homework in his study.1. 一般现在时表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象和谚语格言中，此用法即使出现在过去语境中，也用一般现在时。The moon goes around
2、the earth.Pride goes before a fall骄. 者必败He saidthe earth is round.2.主句是一般将来时,由 when，after, before, as soon as, the minute,wheneve等r 引导的时间状语和由if, unless, so long as, once等引导的条件状语和however,even if等引导的让步状语从句中一般用一般现在时表示将来。如：lll go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.I will t
3、ell her when she comes tomorrow.Even if it rains tomorrow, the sports meeting will take place.3.在以 here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。例如：There goes the bell铃. 响了。There comes the bus汽. 车来了。Here she comes.她来了。4. But for the fact that 从句中，that 从句的谓语动词时态要根据句子谓语所表示的时间而定。But for the fact that hei
4、s busynow, he would behere.But for the fact that youwere ill, Iwould have hadyou print the papers.二、一般过去时表示过去的经常性、习惯性的动作或状态或者某个人过去的经历，与现在无关，常用的时间状语有yesterday， the day before yesterday, an hour ago, the other day, lastmonth/year, just now, in 1982, in the old days, in the past, when I was young, when
5、 I was inLondon,when I was a child等I received two letters last week.The Olympic Games were held in Beijing in 2008.When I was in Beijing, I often went to Beijing university.1.表示某人过去的经历1) - Have you graduated from the university?- Yes, IlearnedEnglish for 4 years in the university.1 2) - Have you fin
6、ished your homework ?- Yes, I _(finish) it within hald an hour.3) I _(be) in London for 10 years, but I have never regretted returning to China.2. intend, wonder, think, realize等用过去时，表示说话人原来没有料到，打算，想到等I thoughtyou were a student.I didnt think /realizeyou failed again.I didnt intendto hurt you.3. use
7、d to do sth/ would do sth过去常常做某事We used to spend our vacation in the mountains4.句型1）.It is (high) time sb did sth/ It is time that sb should do st某h.人该干某事了。It is time you went to bed.2) .Would rather sb did sth宁愿某人做某事，用于对现在和将来时间的虚拟。I would rather you came tomorrow/now.3). Would/ should/ ought to/ co
8、uld/ might/ neednt/ would like tohave done sth,but句型中，but 后面的谓语动词需用一般过去时或过去进行时。a. He should have turned up but hehad an unexpected visitor.b. - Did you attend the party?- Iwould have(attended the party)but I was busy.= I was busyotherwise/orI would have attended the party.= I had planned toattend th
9、e party but I was busy.= I was going toattend the party, but I was busy.4). Would you mind if sb did sth?如果干某事， 你介意吗？Would you mind if I opened the door?三一般将来时/过去将来时一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。常见的时间状语有next, tomorrow,the day after tomorrow, in+时间段，before+ 时间点，in the future等.1. will/shall do sth1） 表示事物的固有属性
10、或者必然的趋势；Fish will die without water.2) will 表示将来，有时含偶然性和临时性决定的意思。- Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?- No,I will goand visit him right now.2. be going to do sth1） 表示事先考虑过，计划打算做某事，注意区分一下will 表示临时性决定的用法。He is going to speak on Tv this evening.2） 表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。Look at the dark clouds. It is
11、 going to rain.注意：was going to 表示过去本打算做某事，但未做-Tom, you didnt come to the party last night?2 - Iwas going to, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.3. be doing sth 有些动词如come, go, arrive,leave,begin, start, return等，其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作。Im leaving for Beijing next month.4. be about to do st
12、h/ be on the point of doing sth (when“)即将干某事(这是突然)”该结构不与具体的时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词when 连用。The train is about to start.The plan is on the point of taking off.5. 某些动词的一般现在时可以表示计划、安排将要做的事情，此种用法常常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息安排等时刻表上。We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8oclock.The train leaves at 5 and arrives at
13、8.6. be to do sth1).表示按计划或安排要做的事She is to get married next month.注意：were/was to have done sth表示未曾实现的计划。We were to have told you, but you were not in.2) 表示“应该”，相当于should, ought to.You are to report it to the police.3) 表示“想，打算”, 相当于intend, want.If we are to be therebefore ten, well have to go now.四现在进
14、行时 am/is /are doing sth表示说话时正在发生的动作，有时也表示一段时间内持续进行的动作，常见的时间状语为: now, at present, these days等I am writing a novel these days.Im doing a word puzzle in this newspaper.1) 与 always, constantly, continually, forever, all the time等连用，带有厌恶、批评、不喜欢、赞扬等感情色彩。You are always putting your things around.He is alwa
15、ys helping others.2) 下列四类动词一般不用现在进行时感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste,see, hear等The soup tastes good.情感类：like,love, prefer, admire, hate, fear, ador等eI love my dad and mum.心态类：wish. Hope, want, need, believe, understand, agree, know, remember,forget 等I dont believe my eyes.3 存在状态类：appear, lie, rem
16、ain, belong, have等Those books belong to Mr. Li.3) 延续性动作用进行体，短暂性动作用一般体，一个延续性动作为背景，被一个短暂性动作打断My brother fell while he was riding his bike and hurt himself.As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.五过去进行时 was/were doing sth表示过去某一时间或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。1. - Is there anything Wrong Bob? You look sad
17、.- Oh, nothing much. In fact Iwas just thinking ofmy friend back home.2. -Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.- Where was I?-You were sayingyou didnt like your fathers job.3. -Hey, look where you are going?- Oh, Im terribly sorry.I wasnt noticing.六将来进行时 will be doing sth表示将来某时正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。
18、1). Doctor Wangwill be giving another talkon this subjectat the same time next week.2). This time tomorrowI will be watchingyou play on TV.3). Dont telephone me after 8-I will be havinga meeting.七现在完成时 have/has done sth表示过去某个动作已经完成，或者过去开始的动作一直延续到现在，强调对现在的影响，常见的时间状语有for, since+过去时间，since then, ever s
19、ince, so far, by now/ untilnow/ up to now, lately/recently, in the past/last (ten years)还, 有 already,just, yet,neverever,still等常跟现在完成时连用。In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.He has written8 booksso far.I have already seen the film.They have workedhere since theyleft c
20、ollege.By now/Until now/ Up to now, I has remembered3000 English words.1). 在“最高级+名词”的句子中用用现在完成时This isthe best tea( that) Ihave ever drunk.This is the best film I have ever seen.2). It/This is the first/secondtime(that) sb have done sth某人第几次做某事This is the first time (that) I have come here.3) It+ ha
21、s been/is +一段时间 + since sb did sth 表示动作从终止已经多久了。It has been five years since he lived here.他不在这工作已经5 年了。It has been five years since he began to work here他. 在这工作已经五年了。It has been 3 years since he smoked.他不吸烟已经三年了。4 4). have/has gone to到某地去了,还未回来have/has been to曾经到过某地,人已回来Where is Li Hua? He has gone
22、 to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai. She has been there.5).非延续性动词连用，即瞬间动词，join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die,marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break ou等t ，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如他参军已经三年了可采用:1）“ago 法”：He joined the army three years ago.2）“延续法”：He has served
23、 in the army for three years.He has been a soldier for 3 years.He has been in the army for 3 years.3）“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.翻译：他和玛丽结婚已经三年了延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：结婚 marry- be married买 buy- have借 borrow -keep;离开 leave -be away死亡 die - be dead;结束 finish end stop-be over
24、起床 get up - be up；生病 fall ill -be il；l感冒 catch get a cold- have a cold；成为 become - b e；来/去 come/go here -be here/ther；e回来 come back- be back；到达 get to/ arrive/reach - be (in；)出去 go (get) out -be ou；t去国外 go abroad - be abroad;关闭 turn off - be off睡着 fall asleep - be asleep；认识 get to know - know；穿 put
25、on - wear；醒 wake up - be awake打开 turn on - be on睡觉 go to sleep - be asleep动身 leave for- be off for打开/关闭open/close sth -keep sth open/close；d参加 join - be in+组织机构或be a member of+组织机构；上学 go to school - be in school be a student;交朋友 make friends with -be friends with丢失 lose -be lost be missing be gone;失
26、业 lose ones job work-be out of worka job等八过去完成时 had done sth表示“过去的过去”，必须找过去的时间作为参照点，常见的时间状语有before，by+过去时间, by the end of + 过去时间， by the time + 过去时间, by then, until then等。5 He had learnedsome Englisbhefore shecame to the institute.He saidthat hehad beenabroad for 3 years.By 1998，he had studiedFrench
27、 for 2 years.By the end of last ,yeIhaard remembered 5000 words.By thenhe had learnedEnglish for 3 years.Until thenhehad known nothing about it yet.By the timehearrivedhome, his mothheard cookedsupper for him.By the timehe was 12 years old, he had built a lab for himself.1).表示愿望、打算的词 如：hope, expect,
28、 mean, intend, want, wish,等s，up其po过se去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.2) .Hardly/ Scarcely/ Barely had sb done sth .w;heNno sooner had sb done stht.han一 就Hardly had I gone out when it began to rain.3) It was the first t
29、ime( that) sb had don这e 是s t某h 人第几次干某事It was the first time he had been to the Great Wall.九. 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing s过th去(现在将来)用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续一去）的动作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.It has been raining for two days.十将来完成时 will have done sthBy + 现在时间By + 过去时间By+ 将来
30、时间have/has done sthhad done sthwill have done1).By the year of 2,01w9ewill have enteretdhe university.2).By the timmey fathecromes back, wIill have finisthheed work.比较：By the timemy fathecrame back, hIa d finishedthe work.By now, Ihave finishe5d000 English words.十一.易混时态的区别1. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别问题这两个时态的动作
31、都发生在过去，但现在完成时着重说明的是这个过去发生的动作同现在的关系、对现在产生的结果或影响等，所以，它不能和表示过去时间的状语连用；而一般过去时只着重说明这个动作是在过去某时发生的，并不表示这个过去的动作同现在的关系，更谈不上什么结果和影响，所以，它可以和表示过去时间的状语连用。例如：(1) lIivedin Beijing for five years between 1991 and 1996.(2) Ihave liveidn Beijing for 5 years so far.典型例题 1 - Nice to see you back! How long _ you _ in Ru
32、ssia?- 4 months.A. did; stay B. have; stayedC. have; been stayiDn.g do; stay6 典型例题2 - Have you graduated from Beijing University?- Yes. I _ there for 4 years.A. have studied B. studied C. had studied D. have been studying参考答案：AB2. 一般过去时与过去完成时的区别问题这两个时态都和现在没有关系，都表示过去的动作。但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作；而过去完成时指的是相对于
33、过去的某一特定时间，更早发生的动作。即过去完成时至少涉及两个动作。以下几个例句均是过去完成时的典型句例。When I got to the party, many of them had left for home.When he was ready to hand in his test paper, the teacher had left.The tickets for the fashion show had been sold out before I heard about it.典型例题1 - Was Tom there when you arrived?- Yes, but h
34、e _ home soon afterwards.A. had gone B. has gone C. is going D. went典型例题2 The traffic accident wouldnt have happened yesterday, but the driver _ reallycareless.A. had been B. is C. were D. was典型例题3 - The returned Chinese scholar has become one of the top experts in this field.- Yes. I know him very
35、well. He _ in Africa with wild animals for eight years.A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. has been working参考答案：DDC3. 一般现在时与现在进行时的区别问题尽管两个时态所表示的动作都发生在现在，但是一般现在时强调的是一种“常态，”一种没有时间阶段特征的、稳定的状态。而现在进行时则表示的是现在所处的状态，不能保证过去是否这样，也不能保证以后怎样，有明显的阶段性。例如：I work in New York. 我在纽约工作。（表示我的固定工作地点就是纽约）。I am workin
36、g in New York. 我正在纽约工作。（表示这一段时间，我在纽约上班。可能听话人知道说话人以前并不在那里工作。而说话人本人对以后的工作地点也没有把握）。典型例题1 I _ ping-pang quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year.A. played B. will play C. have played D. play典型例题2 - Your son looks too thin for his age.- He could have gained more weight. But he _ much.
37、A. isnt eating B. doesnt eat C. havent eaten D. hadnt eaten参考答案：DB4.一般过去时与过去进行时的区别问题尽管二者所表示的动作都发生在过去，但一般过去时着重强调汇报过去做过什么事情，7 是有结果的。而过去进行时仅表示过去某一点时间上，一个动作正在进行，有什么样的结果不得而知。例如：Tyson wrote three letters last night.表( 示太森写了三封信，暗指都已写完。)Tyson was writing a letter last night.表( 示我只是见他写信来着，其他就不知道了。)典型例题1 The
38、reporter said that the UFO _ east to west when he saw it.A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling典型例题2 - Has your brother finished with that book?- I have no idea. He _ it last night.D. was to travelA. read参考答案：AB5.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别问题B. was reading C. have read D. had been readhave done与 ha
39、ve been doing看起来差不多，其实，他们的侧重点不一样。现在完成时侧重指已有的结果或已有的影响；而现在完成进行时则强调过程。例如：I have repaired your car（. 强调你的车修好了，你可以开走了）。I have been repairing your car.强( 调我一直在给你修车，所以很累或没做其他事。)典型例题- You havent finished your homework yet, havent you?- No, I _ it the whole morning.A. have been doing B. have done C. had done
40、 D. did参考答案：A6. 过去完成时与现在完成时的区别这两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作（句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语）。比较下面的说法：She had been ill for a week before she came back“.( 回来”发生在过去某一时间，“生病”发生在这一时间之前，即过去的过去。)She has been ill for a week.现( 在仍然病着)十二. 动词时态的呼应1. 主句是一般将来时,由
41、when，after, before, as soon as, the minute, wheneve等r 引导的时间状语和由if, unless, so long as, once等引导的条件状语和however, even if等引导的让步状语从句中一般用一般现在时(现在完成时)表示将来。Whatever yousay, I will not change my mind.I will go with you as soon as Ihave finishedmy book.2. 含宾语从句的时态一致的问题1）如果主句的谓语为现在时或者将来时，宾语从句的谓语从句的谓语可以不受影响。He s
42、ays his fatheris/was/will bea teacher.They will tellyou that theyare living/lived/ will live/ have livedin Shanghai.8 2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词一般需用过去的某种时态，即一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去完成进行时，过去将来时，过去将来进行时等。I was sure hewas in bed.He thoughthe was workingfor the people.I wonderedif shehad gotwell.He wanted to
43、 knowwhat shehad been doing.I hoped I would find a job soon.I thoughtshe would be goingby bus.语态一被动语态的构成现在过去将来一般进行完成-Will/shall have been Would/should havedone-完成进行have/has been beingdonehad been beingdone2.被动语态的用法1）不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没必要指明谁是动作的执行者。- The window is dirty.- I know. It hasnt been cleaned for
44、 weeks.2) 需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身，如;All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.3) 在文章标题、广告、新闻中Girls wanted! 找女工！Five-year-old Boy Kidnapped五! 岁的男童遭到绑架。4）当动作的执行者不是人时。The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eatmore fruit and
45、 vegetables.注意：1) 被动结构中切不可丢掉后面的介词或者副词。That old manwas often laughed at .Bad habitshave been done away with.The planwill be given up.9 2) “get+过去分词”可以表示被动She got marriedlast week.The patientgot treatedonce a week.He fell off the car andgot killed.3.主动形式表被动意义：1). 表示状态特征的系动词look, sound, feel, smell, ta
46、ste, prove, appea构r 成的系表结构。例如：Your excusesounds goodbut it cant be true.Jack proved (to be) a good tour guideduring the long journey.The soupsmells perfectbut tastes terrible.2). 表示主语某种属性、特征的动词如read, write, sell, act, wash, clean, wear, open, lock,shut, dry等, 常与 well 和 easily连用。例如：Shakespeares books sell well.莎士比亚的书卖的很不错。This kind of