《北京外国语大学语言学与应用语言学2004[试卷+答案]考研真题／考研试卷／笔记讲义／下载.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《北京外国语大学语言学与应用语言学2004[试卷+答案]考研真题／考研试卷／笔记讲义／下载.doc（6页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、 北京外国语大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷IMPORTANT!All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided1Shakespeare has Juliet say：Whats in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweetWhat do the above lines say to you about the relationship between the
2、form (sounds) and meaning (concept) of a word in spoken language?Explain with positive evidence as well as exceptions from the English language(15 points)2How much does our language influence the way we think? How deeply do language and culture interpenetrate and influence one another? These questio
3、ns about language have fascinated thinkers throughout the agesFor example，Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm yon Humboldt in the German Romantic tradition regarded language as a prisma or grid spread over things in the world so that each language reflects a different worldviewWrite a short essay to
4、 explain your position on this view(35 points)3Is English a language that uses a phonetic alphabet system? Explain briefly why or why not with examples(15 points)4Suppose you were given four cards，each of which had a different phoneme of English printed on it：kblINow arrange these cards to form all
5、the possible words that these four phonemes could formDiscuss what rules you have followed t0 come up with these words(20 points)5Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved：(10 points)aDick finally decided on the boatbThe profe
6、ssors appointment was shockingcThe governor is a dirty street fighterdTerry loves his wife and so do IeNo smoking section available6It is argued that grammaticality judgments do not depend on whether the sentence is meaningful or not, as shown by the sentence Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”，w
7、hich does not make much sense but is syntactically well formedHow would you respond to this argument?(25points)7TOEFL often requires the examinees to specify the situational context after listening to a conversationSee for example a tape-script below for an exam itemVoice A (male)：How much is this t
8、ie?Voice B (female)：FortyVoice C (male)：Where does this conversation most probably take place?What do you think is the TOEFL peoples belief about what constitutes linguistic competence and how linguistic competence can be tested? (30 points)参考答案： 北京外国语大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷IMPORTANT!All the q
9、uestions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided1Shakespeare has Juliet say：Whats in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweetWhat do the above lines say to you about the relationship between the form (sounds) and meaning (concept) of a word in spoke
10、n language?Explain with positive evidence as well as exceptions from the English language(15 points)The lines said above show that the relationship between the form (sounds) and meaning (concept) of a word in spoken language is arbitrary in nature. That means there is no logical connection between f
11、orms (sounds) and meaning (concept). Different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. Sounds are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention. In this example, the rose can be called by many names in different languages but its smell
12、 never changes. Another example, different languages have different forms for referring to dog in English, such as Chinese 狗（gou） , French chien (n.m.). While language is arbitrary by nature, there are some exceptions as well. The best examples in English are the onomatopoetic words and compound wor
13、ds. For example, some onomatopoetic words rumble, crash, crackle bang are uttered like the sounds they describe, thus seem to have a natural basis. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. For example while photo and copy are both arbitrary, the compound word photocopy is not en
14、tirely arbitrary, thus seem to be motivated. Anyhow, non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language.2How much does our language influence the way we think? How deeply do language and culture interpenetrate and influence one another? These questions about language
15、 have fascinated thinkers throughout the agesFor example，Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm yon Humboldt in the German Romantic tradition regarded language as a prisma or grid spread over things in the world so that each language reflects a different worldviewWrite a short essay to explain your pos
16、ition on this view(35 points)Humans have a unique linguistic system for communication that serves as the primary vehicle for expressing thoughts. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles that develop along two different routes but overlap in some parts, where language and though
17、t are consistent with each other. But language is not the only means of expressing thought. As for the relationship between language and the thought, we think that language does not determine the way we think but influence the way we perceive the world and recall things, and affects the ease with wh
18、ich we perform mental tasks. That is, language may be used to provide new ideas, bring about a change in beliefs and values, solve problems, and keep track of things in memory. For example, a well-developed vocabulary may well assist us in learning the concepts the lexis covers. We recall things mor
19、e easily when they correspond to readily available words or phrases. It is certainly easier for us to make a conceptual distinction if it neatly corresponds to a particular lexical item available in our language. When we label our experience with linguistic symbols, our language will influence how w
20、e remember and think about those experiences, otherwise the relationship between language and perception, memory or thinking will be greatly reduced.In terms of relationship between language and culture, we can infer that a language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events that represent similar w
21、orld knowledge by its people, but also reflects the peoples attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, and etc. Language expresses cultural reality. On the other hand, as peoples language uses express their culture represented by its social conventions, norms and social appropriateness, the culture both em
22、ancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically. Sharing a same community culture, people have acquired common ways of viewing the world through their speech interactions with other members of the same group. Although language and culture are inextricably intertwined, cultu
23、re is a wider system that completely includes language as a subsystem. The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a peoples culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in the language of the people. Language as an integral part of human being, permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world, l
24、anguage both expresses and embodies cultural reality.As for the relationship between language and world views, the language system does not necessarily provide specifics of ones world view. All humans share a general conceptualizing capacity, Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguis
25、hing and recognizing experiences according to their respectively different linguistic coding systems for the same objective world. On the one hand, people speaking the same language may have different world views, including political, social, religious, scientific and philosophical views. On the oth
26、er hand, people speaking different languages may share similar world views on above aspects. Moreover, one language can describe many different worldviews, as is evident in the case of successful translation.According to the theories shown above, we can infer that Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm
27、 yon Humboldts view has both merits and limitations. First, they see clearly that there exists a relationship between language and thoughts. Second, they assume that language influences so much the way people think that people who think in different ways will have different world views. Based on the
28、 theoretical views above we think this view is not rational in this aspect.3Is English a language that uses a phonetic alphabet system? Explain briefly why or why not with examples(15 points)The Phonetic Alphabet is a system of letters and symbols that are used to represent the individual sounds of
29、a language. English is a language that uses a phonetic alphabet system because it is a phonographic language by nature. There are mainly three types of language concerning its writing system: ideographic language which use symbols (ideograms) to represent whole words or concepts (ideas), with Chines
30、e as an example; syllabic language which word or concepts are represented by syllable, with Japanese syllabic system as an example; phonographic language which uses special alphabetic or other typographical characters to express the sounds of an actual spoken utterance in writing, with many European
31、 languages as examples. English uses alphabetic script to represent certain single type sound. For example, the sound which is written sh in English can be expressed by symbols of ship; and the sound that is written in c can be expressed by the symbol of k cup.4Suppose you were given four cards，each
32、 of which had a different phoneme of English printed on it：kblINow arrange these cards to form all the possible words that these four phonemes could formDiscuss what rules you have followed to come up with these words(20 points)The “possible” words that the four phonemes could form are blik, klib, b
33、ilk and kilb. The phonological rules of English determine the possible combination of sound. First, an English syllable consists of Onset and Rhyme that can further be divided into Nucleus and Coda. The Nucleus is necessary in a syllable and is represented by vowel. Both the Onset and the Rhyme are
34、not necessary and can be represented by a constant or a cluster of constants. If three consonants cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first phoneme must be /s/. In this example, because there are two Stops, the /k/, /b/, /l/ could not form possible constant cluster. Secondly, the vowel
35、/i/ should not function as nucleus because there is no combination of other three consonants as Coda. Thirdly, the degree of sonority of different classes of sounds affects their possible positions in the syllable. In English the sonority scale from the most sonorous to the least sonorous is Vowels
36、Approximants Nasals Fricatives Stops. In a possible English syllable, the sonority of each sound gradually rises to a peak at the Nucleus and then falls at the Coda. So if the first phoneme is /l/, then the next sound must be a vowel /i/, leaving /b/ and /k/ to form a cluster. However, the phoneme /
37、b/ and /k/ are both Stops and could not form a constant cluster. This excludes the words beginning with /l/. Fourthly, considering the rules described above, the only possible arrangements are words beginning with /k/, /b/, /kl/, or /bl/. When the first phoneme is /k/ functioning as Onset, the Nucle
38、us is the vowel /i/ and with /lb/ as possible constant cluster The Onset can be a constant cluster of /kl/ with /i/ as nucleus and a single constant /b/ as coda. Both the two arrangements conform to the sonority scale of an accepted syllable. Similarly, bilk and blik are possible words formed by the
39、 four phonemes.5Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved：(10 points)aDick finally decided on the boatbThe professors appointment was shockingcThe governor is a dirty street fighterdTerry loves his wife and so do IeNo smoking
40、section availablea. First interpretation: Dick finally made a decision which is related to boat. Second interpretation: Dick finally made a decision at the place of a boat.b. First interpretation: The professor was appointed by someone else, and this event was shocking. Second interpretation: The pr
41、ofessor had appointed someone else and his act of appointing was shocking.c. First interpretation: The governor always undergoes the act of fighting in the street and he/she has a dirty reputation.Second interpretation: The governor is a sanitation worker who is responsible for cleaning the dirty st
42、reets.d. First interpretation: Terry loves his wife and I love my wife. Second interpretation: Terry loves his wife and I love his wife too.e. First interpretation: The section for non-smokers is available. Second interpretation: The available section for smokers does not exist.6It is argued that gr
43、ammaticality judgments do not depend on whether the sentence is meaningful or not, as shown by the sentence Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”，which does not make much sense but is syntactically well formedHow would you respond to this argument? (25points)This sentence whose grammar is correct b
44、ut meaning is nonsensical is composed by Noam Chomsky. At the syntactic level it is acceptable with a subject noun modified by an adjective and a verb modified by an adverb. However, the sentence does not make sense because things logically cannot be colorless and green simultaneously, ideas cannot
45、sleep and nothing can sleep furiously. Such a sentence, which is grammatically correct but semantically anomalous, illustrates that there are two aspects of meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e., its grammatical we
46、ll-formedness which is governed by the grammatical rules. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions, i.e., constraints on what lexical items can go with others. So, it would seem that the structure of sentences and their meaning are two distin
47、ct things, representing two different levels of language processing. The rules for forming the structure of sentences are wholly independent and different from those rules which compose the meanings of sentences.Chomsky demonstrates that words are symbols with associated properties that will not function if they are not used in the proper semantic context. “Meaning” is not dependent on the grammar of a c