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1、 5.Figures of Speech5.1 Phonetic Figures of Speech (语音辞格)5.2 Semantic Figures of Speech (语义辞格)5.3 Logical Figures of Speech (逻辑辞格)5.4 Syntactic Figures of Speech (句法辞格)5.1 Phonetic Figures of Speech5.1.1 Alliteration (头韵)It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a
2、device that repeats thesame sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonantsound, it is also called front rhyme. For instance: the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, thefurrow followed free.5.1.2 Assonance (押韵/部分谐音)It has to do with the repetition or
3、 resemblance of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of asequence of words, preceded and followed by different consonants. For instance: The curfew tollsthe knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly oer the lea;the plowman homework plods hisweary way, and leaves the world to darkness and t
4、o me.5.1.3 Consonance (尾韵)It has to do with the repetition of the final and identical consonants whose preceding vowels aredifferent. For instance: She tipped her loyal big dog a big hug.5.1.4 Onomatopoeia (拟声)It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inan
5、imate), orwhich are associated with or suggestive( 提示的) of some action or movement. For instance: on theroof of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.5.1.5 Aposiopesis (说话中断法)It is a rhetorical device of suddenly stopping in mid-sentence, as if to say more would be superfluous.An example
6、would be the threat Get out, or else! This device often portrays its users asovercome with passion (fear, anger, excitement) or modesty.5.1.6 Apostrophe (顿呼)In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present,listening and understanding what is being
7、said. For instance: England! awake! awake! awake!5.1.7 Pun (双关)It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance: a cannon-balltook off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here arms has two meanings: a persons body;weapons carried by a soldier.)5.2 Semantic Figu
8、res of Speech5.2.1 Simile (明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least onequality or characteristic ( 特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if andlike are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. Fo
9、r example: As cold watersto a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.5.2.2 Metaphor (隐喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, thiscomparison is implied rather than stated. For example: the world is a stage.5.2.3 Metonymy (转喻)It is a
10、figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that ofanother. For instance: the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 5.2.4 Synecdoche (提喻)It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance: theysay there
11、s bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.5.2.5 Antonomasia (换喻)It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. Forexample: Solomon for a wise man; Daniel for a wise and fair judge; Judas for a traitor.5.2.6 Personification (拟人)It give
12、s human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example: the wind whistled through the trees.5.2.7 Parody (戏仿)It is a kind of imitation which borrows the style and techniques of a text or writers idiolect and
13、fitsnew subject matter to it. It is often used for a humorous or satirical purpose. For example: to smokeor not to smoke, that is a question5.2.8 Synesthesia (通感)It refers to the mixing of sensations or the stimulation of one sense that produces a mentalimpression associated with a different sense.
14、For example: Posner lipstick：Music to your lips.5.2.9 Transferred epithet (移就)It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from thenoun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. Forinstance: I spent sleepless
15、 nights on my project.5.3 Logical Figures of Speech*5.3.1 Allegory (讽喻)Allegory is a story either in verse or in prose with a double meaning: surface meaning a story, andunder-the-surface meaninga hidden truth. In allegories, names of the characters and places areoften symbols of certain qualities.
16、In Banyans Pilgrims Progress, from the names of the characters“Christian”, “Mr. Blind -man”, Mr. No -good”, the names of places “Vanity Fair”, “Celestial City”, wecan easily understand the meaning behind these names.*5.3.2 Allusion (暗引)It is a casual, brief and implicit reference to a famous histori
17、cal or literary figure or a well-knownhistorical event. For instance: she sat there all night as silent as the sphinx.5.3.3 Hyperbole (夸张)It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance: healmost died laughing.5.3.4 Understatement (含蓄陈述)It is the opposite
18、of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact bydeliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merelyimplied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance: It is no laughing matter.5.3.5 Irony (反语)It is a figure of speech
19、 that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intendedmeaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance: we are lucky, what yousaid makes me feel real good.5.3.6 Innuendo (暗讽)It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at somethi
20、ng disparaging(不一致)or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example: the weathermansaid it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.5.3.7 Euphemism (委婉)It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive( 无冒犯) expression for one that may offend orsuggest someth
21、ing unpleasant. For instance: we refer to die as pass away. 5.3.8 Oxymoron (矛盾修饰)It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory orincongruous(不协调) terms as in “bitter-sweet memories”, “orderly chaos” and “proud humility”.*5.3.9 Analogy (类比)It is also a for
22、m of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on onepoint of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several commonqualities or points of resemblance.5.3.10 Paradox (隽语)It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition
23、which on the face of it seemsself-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinkingand study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example:more haste, less speed.5.4 Syntactic Figures of Speech5.4.1 Repetition (反复
24、)It is a powerful rhetorical device which creates good rhythm and parallelism to make the languagemusical, emphatic, attractive and memorable. For example: one boy is a boy, two boys half a boy,three boys no boy.5.4.2 Anaphora (首语重复)It is the repetition of the same word at the beginning of successiv
25、e clauses, sentences or verses,commonly in conjunction with climax and with parallelism. For example: out of sight, out of mind.5.4.3 Epiphora (尾词重复)It is the repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of successive clauses. For example: graspall, lose all.5.4.4 Simploce (首尾同复)It is a combin
26、ation of anaphora and epiphora: the repetition of two sets of words or phrases, one setrepeated at the beginning of, the other set repeated at the end of sentences or verse lines. Thepattern is “ab, ab”. For example: broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into threeclasses: those who are toil
27、ed to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored todeath.5.4.5 Anadiplosis (蝉联)It is the repetition of the last part of one unit or sentence at the beginning of the next, whose patternis /a, a(b, bc, c. .)/. For example: The king was bad tempered because he was often ill. He waso
28、ften ill because he ate and drank too much.5.4.6 Parallelism (平行结构)It refers to the method of expressing ideas of equal importance in the same grammatical form, andelements parallel in meaning should be parallel in syntactic structure. For example: Rich and poor,intelligent and ignorant, wise and fo
29、olish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman-it is ever the same,each soul must depend wholly on itself.5.4.7 Antithesis (对偶)It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieveemphasis. For example: speech is silvern; silence is golden.5.4.8 Climax (层
30、进法)It is derived from the Greek word for ladder and implies the progression of thought at a uniform oralmost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. Forexample: I came, I saw, I conquered.5.4.9 Anticlimax (突降法)It is the opposite of Climax. It involves
31、stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance orintensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance: He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen.5.4.10 Syllepsis(一笔两用法)It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a
32、particular form orinflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applyingto or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example: He addressed you andme, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second ca
33、se, it aword may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example: while he was fighting , andlosing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here tolosing ones limbs in literal; to lose ones mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)5.4.11 Chiasmus
34、(交错法)It is a construction involving the repetition of words or elements in reverse order (a b : b a).Beauty is truth, truth (is) beauty. For example: You can fool all the people some of the time, andsome of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.5.4.12 Asyndeton (连词
35、省略)It refers to the deliberate omission of the co-ordinator in a series of words, phrases or clauses. Forexample: They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, (and )understanding.5.4.13 Polysyndeton (连词叠用)It is a stylistic device that uses several conjunctions (usually the same one) in success
36、ion to link up aseries of things, ideas or events. The conjunctions involved are mainly and and or. For example:advancing and prancing and glancing and dancing.5.4.14 Rhetorical question(反问句)It is a question which does not need an answer, for the answer is suggested by the speaker, orpresumed by the speaker to be fairly obvious or probably known to the audience-the equivalent of astatement. For example: If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?