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1、英语中的独立主格结构归纳独立主格结构的概念一：独立主格结构是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。 它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二：“独立主格结构”在句中的功能就相当于一个带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。三：虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。 四：独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字
2、中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。五：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。独立主格结构基本构成形式独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。1）名词代词形容词 He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open2）名词代词现在分词 Winter coming，it
3、gets colder and colder 3）名词代词过去分词 More time given，we should have done it much better4）名词代词（主格）不定式 No one to wake me up ,I might be late for the first class.5）名词代词十介词短语 We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。 6）名词代词十副词 Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away7）名词代词名词 He fought the wol
4、f，a stick his only weapon他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8）There being +名词（代词）如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 9）It being +名词（代词）如：It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 独立主格结构的三种类型一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner
5、or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he） = When he sea
6、ted himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.（1）不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come ton
7、ight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）(2)-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）1 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)2 表示原因的-ing形式
8、作“独立主格结构” The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）3 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）4 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The student
9、s are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest. 学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）（3）-ed形式“独立主格结构” 与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。 The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly
10、 improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。 = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle） The manager loo
11、ks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）二、 动词独立主格结构 “逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，bein
12、g往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。A 逻辑主语+名词Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being） 注意： 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽
13、车，我们只好走回家。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。 B逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being） = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.C逻辑主语+副词 School over, we all went home.放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being） = School was over, and we a
14、ll went home. D逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。 = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. 提示： 在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音乐老师站在门口,手里
15、拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）三、 with、without 引导的独立主格结构 介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 A with+名词代词+形容词 He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 = He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.注意：在“with+名词代词
16、+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。 With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。B with+名词代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。 = Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.C with+名词代词+介词短语 He
17、stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.D with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.E w
18、ith+名词代词+动词的-ing形式 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。 = The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。 = When no one was noticing, he slipped th
19、rough the window.F with+名词代词+动词不定式 The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.提示： 在withwithout 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议
20、室。（without不能省略）四、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。1. 作时间状语Spring coming ,the fields are full of life . Meeting over ,every one tried to do something for the project .2. 作条件状语Weather permitting ,we will have a picnic this sunday .3. 作原因状语There being no bus ,they had no choice but to
21、take a taxi .4. 作伴随状语或补充说明The prisoner stood there ,his hands raised .(伴随状语)We met many guests ,most of them Americans.( 补充说明)5. 作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。Harry Potter is a boy with a scar on his forehead .He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.Close to the bank I saw deep
22、pools, the water blue like the sky.五、独立主格结构注意事项1.独立主格结构介词使用的问题在“名词或代词+介词短语”这类独立主格结构中，当其中的介词是in时，其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。如：A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。但如果是其他介词，则不受此限制。如：He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。2.独立主格结构与独立成分的异同 有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语
23、有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从判断），Supposing （假设），等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be
24、sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。3独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。When
25、we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。 Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）6