《推理判断题讲义.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《推理判断题讲义.doc（10页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、推理判断这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把
2、握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。b5E2RGbCAP这种问题的提问方式通常有：(1 From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that .p1EanqFDPw(2 We can infer from the text that/ What
3、 can we learn from? / We can conclude from theDXDiTa9E3dpassage that(3 The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that. (4 The author implies that by the year 2080,.(5 To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should. RTCrpUDGiT(6 The author mentions the fa
4、ct thatto show.(7 This passage would most likely be found in _?5PCzVD7HxA(8 The authors attitude toward is _?(9 The tone of the passage can best be described as _?jLBHrnAILg这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：xHAQX74J0Xc 首先要注意一定要忠实于原
5、文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。LDAYtRyKfEa 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。Zzz6ZB2Ltkb 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概
6、全。dvzfvkwMI1d 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。rqyn14ZNXIe 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。EmxvxOtOco以下介绍几种常见的推理判断题型：1细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、
7、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。SixE2yXPq5例题：(2008年全国卷I、II B篇MONTREAL (Reuters Crossing the US-Canada border(边界 to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washingtons strict new security(安全 rules.6ewMyirQFLThe expensive trip to church was a surprise
8、 for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.kavU42VRUs59. We learn from the text that Richard Alb
9、ert is _. y6v3ALoS89A. an American living in Township 15 B. a Canadian living in a Quebec villageC. a Canadian working in a customs stationD. an American working in a Canadian church答案与解读：选A。根据第一段中的cost a US citizen $ 10,000可以推断出Richard Albert是美国人，working in a Canadian church与第二段后两句事实不符。M2ub6vSTnP20
10、18山东A）64. What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?0YujCfmUCwA. Unpackaged products are of bad quality.B. Supermarkets care more about packaging.C. It is improper to judge quality by packaging.D. Other products are better packaged than food.But this is not just about supermarkets. It is about all of us
11、. We have learned to associate packaging with quality. We have learned to thinke that something unpackaged is of poor quality. This is especially true of food. But it also applies to a wide range of consumer products, which often have far more packaging than necessary.eUts8ZQVRd and last for generat
12、ions to come.NrpoJac3v1Neighbors helping neighbors that was Ish and Arlene Hatchs story .1nowfTG4KI2因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。fjnFLDa5Zo70. They decided to open a second store because they _.tfnNhnE6
13、e5A. had enough money to do it.B. had succeeded in their businessC. wished to meet the increasing demand of customersHbmVN777sLD. wanted to make believe that they were successfulV7l4jRB8HsDeLuca was managing the store and going to the University of Bridgeport at the same time. Buck was working at hi
14、s day job as a nuclear physicist in New York. Theyd meet Monday evenings and brainstorm ideas for keeping the business running. “We convinced ourselves to open a second store. We figured we could tell the public, We are so successful, we are opening a second store.” And they didin the spring of 1966
15、. Still, it was a lot of learning by trial and error.83lcPA59W9例题：2008年全国高考福建卷A篇）Paul Zindels death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.mZkklkzaaPNot only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-M
16、oon Marigolds, but be was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary当代的） literature for young adults成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Be
17、st Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindels autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindels books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and
18、 most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats-have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margare
19、t A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend.AVktR43bpw57. Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Marga
20、ret A. Edwards Prize?A. His books were widely read by children.B. His books were interesting and helpful to adults.C. He made great contributions to contemporary literature.D. He wrote a number of horror books for young adults.ORjBnOwcEd答案与解读：选C。从第二段第一句中的后半句but be was one of the earliest writers in
21、the field of contemporary当代的） literature for young adults成人）及倒数第二句前半句Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements,可知Paul Zindel是当代文学领域中最早期的作家之一,2002年美国文学协会授予他Margaret A. Edwards Prize以表彰他毕生的成就。综合两部分考虑，
22、可知选项C正确。从倒数第二句后半句and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature.排除选项D。2MiJTy0dTT3人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：gIiSpiue7A1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。2）特别
23、注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。uEh0U1Yfmh3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。2009山东A）59According to Sandy Van Weelden, the Hatches were 态度推断IAg9qLsgBXA. understandingB. optimistic C. childlike D. curiousWwghWvVhPEThrough the years, the Hatches paid for local children to a
24、ttend summer camp when their parents couldnt afford it. “Ish and Arlene never asked if you needed anything,” says their friend Sand Van Weelden, “They could see things they could do to make you happier, and they would do them.asfpsfpi4k2009山东C）69. Rogersattitude towards the low-income smokers might
25、be that of 态度推断ooeyYZTjj1A. tolerance B. unconcern C. doubt D. sympathyBkeGuInkxIHal Rogers, Representative from Kentucky, like those who are against high tobacco taxes, argues that the burden of the tax falls on low-income Americans “who choose to smoke.PgdO0sRlMo例题： problem. Whatever you do or how
26、ever you choose to deal with it, at certain times a wonderful, reasonable and helpful child will turn into a terrible animal.3cdXwckm15Ive seen friends deal with it in all kinds of different ways. One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered th
27、e room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called round. Sprawling himself (懒散地躺 on the sofa in full length, he made no attempt to turn off the loud TV he was watching as I walked in, and his greeting was no more than a quick glance at me. His mother was ashamed.
28、 “I dont know what to do with him these days,” she said. “Hes forgotten all the manners we taught him.” h8c52WOngMHe hasnt forgotten them. He s just decided that he s not going to use them. She confessed (坦白 that she would like to come up behind him and throw him down from the sofa onto the floor.v4
29、bdyGiousAnother good friend of mine let her two daughters climb all over the furniture, reach across the table, stare at me and say, “I dont like your dress。 its ugly.” One of the daughters has recently been driven out of school. The other has left home.J0bm4qMpJ9“Where did we go wrong?” her parents
30、 are now very sad. Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.73. The boy on the sofa would most probably be described as _.XVauA9grYPA. lazy B. quiet G. unusual D. rude74. From the second example we can infer that the parents of the two daughters _.bR9C
31、6TJscwA. pay no attention to them B. are too busy to look after themC. have come to hate them D. feel helpless to do much about thempN9LBDdtrd75. What is the authors opinion about the sudden change in teenage children?DJ8T7nHuGTA. Parents have no choice but to try to accept it.B. Parents should pay
32、still sore attention to the change.C. Parents should work more closely with schoolteachers.D. Parents are at fault for the change in their children.QF81D7bvUA答案与解读：73. 选D。此题属于“人物性格推断题”。从文中第二段“One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the roo
33、m, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman.”以及其后的细节描述和该段最后一句话“Hes forgotten all the manners we taught him.”可以看出：一位严厉的母亲想把她的孩子培养成绅士，但是她的孩子后来对客人的表现却是很不礼貌。4B7a9QFw9h74. 选D。此题属于“人物心情处境推断题”。最后一段，“Where did we go wrong?her parents are now very sad.”一句可推测这两位父母对他们学坏的女儿无可奈何，因此正确答案为D。ix6iFA8xoX75.选A。此题属于“
34、态度及观点推断题”，文中第一句话“Parents should stop blaming themselves because theres not a lot they can do about it.”就表明了作者的观点，父母不应当总是为此事而责怪自己。应当采取措施面对这个事情。然后最后又用了“Probably nowhere much.At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.”做总结，表明父母们不得不接受这个不好的事实。wt6qbkCyDE例题2：2008年全国高考北京卷C篇）How could
35、we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environmentsmostly for entertainment purposesis fair and respectful?Kp5zH46zRkThe animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destruct
36、ive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking
37、 back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.Yl4HdOAA6164. How would the author describe the animals life in zoos?ch4PJx4BlIA. Dangerous.B. Unhappy.C. Natural.D. Easy.答案与解读：64. 选B。此题属于“态度及观点推断题”，由本段中的第一句话keeping qd3YfhxCzoanimals in cages in unnatural environments，以及后文当中的The animals are kept toge
38、ther in small spaces, 和a sign of unhappiness and pain.可以推断出作者认为动物园中的动物的生活不幸福。E836L11DO54篇章结构推断题根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。S42ehLvE3M例题1：2008年全国高考湖北卷A篇）Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that the
39、y were just happy.After all,you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However,they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their
40、 territory.59. How does the writer explain birds singing?A. By comparing birds with human beings.B. By reporting experiment results.C. By describing birds daily life.D. By telling a birds story.501nNvZFis答案与解读：由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。例题2：2008年全国高考浙江卷C篇）In the course of working my way through school
41、, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard。 the pay was poor。 and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.jW1viftGw9First of all, the job made huge demands on my strengthxS0DOYWHLPI stayed on the job for
42、five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again. LOZMkIqI0w52. How is the text organized?A. TopicArgumentExplanation B. OpinionDiscussion-DescriptionC. Main ideaComparisonSupporting examplesD. IntroductionSupporting examplesConclusion 答案与解读：选D。本题考查对语篇的结构理解。本文为记叙文的一般结构，本文叙述了作者上学时在一个苹果加工厂打工的经历。作者在第一段提出在苹果加工厂工作的辛苦，工资低和工作条件差