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1、XII. Geography and History,In Chapter XII we are going to study 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Geography 12.3 History,12.1 Introduction,National Flag of Canada, popularly known as the Maple Leaf. Red and white: Canadas national colours,Making maple syrup,12.2 Geography,12.2.1 Location and Size Canadaisthese
2、condlargest country in the world but has about the same population as the state of California, which is about 4 percent of Canadas size. This is because the north of Canada, with its harsh Arctic北极的 and sub-Arctic climates, is thinly inhabited. Most Canadians live in the southern part of the country
3、. More than three-quarters of them live in the cities.,12.2.2 Topography and Geographic Regions Canada is a vast nation with a wide variety of geological formations, climates, and ecological systems. It has rain forest, prairie grassland大草原, deciduous forest落叶林, tundra冻土地带, and wetlands沼泽. It has mo
4、re lakes and inland waters than any other country and is renowned for its scenery, which attracts millions of tourists each year.,Canada is made up of ten provinces and three territories. Provinces: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba 7mAni5tEubE, New Brunswick 5brQnzwik, Newfoundland 7nju:fEnd5lAnd
5、 and Labrador 5lAbrEdC:, Nova Scotia 5nEuvE5skEuFE, Ontario Cn5tZEriEu, Prince Edward Island, Qubec kwi5bek, Saskatchewan sEskAtFIwEn. Territories: Northwest Territories, Nunavut (established in 1999), Yukon5ju:kCn.,Five geographicregions: Atlantic Region, the Central Region, the Prairie Region, the
6、 Pacific Region and the Northern Region.,Canadian Shield: occupies almost half of Canadas total area, is mineral-rich, and many important elements are mined there.,Polar Bear,12.2.3 Climate Canada has a typical continental climate, characterized by cold winters, hot summers and sparse rainfall. Howe
7、ver, the countrys vast territory and unique topography result in a climate with wide regional variations.,View of Ottawa, Ontario: Ottawa is the capital of Canada. Its parliament building, seen here in the foreground, is an example of High Gothic revivalism复兴.,Canadian Parliament Buildings,Montral,
8、Qubec: Montral is the largest city in Qubec. Most people there speak French as their first language.,Toronto, Ontario: the largest city in Canada and the capital of Ontario.,Chinatown, Toronto, Ontario: Canadas high rate of immigration leads to ethnic neighborhoods in many of its major cities. Peopl
9、e of Chinese origin make up more than 10 percent of the population of the City of Toronto. Two-fifths of the Toronto population is foreign born.,Vancouvers Chinese New Year: Vancouver, British Columbia, is home to the second largest Chinatown in North America; the largest is in San Francisco. In the
10、 19th century the first wave of Chinese immigrants moved to western Canada as gold miners and railroad builders. In the late 1990s the return of Hong Kong to Chinese rule prompted an influx of immigrants from Hong Kong.,Winter Wheat Harvest, Ontario,12.3 History European Discovery by John Cabot in 1
11、497 and Jacques Cartier in 1535 British Canada after the British North America Act was passed in 1867 by the British Parliament and July 1, 1867 became their first national day called “Canada Day” The Canadian Nation after the Statute of Westminster was passed in 1931 and Canada was regarded as an e
12、qual partner of Britain.,12.3.1 The European Discovery KanataCanada; John Cabot, an Italian sea captain, discovered and claimed Newfoundland and the east coast of Canada in the name of King Henry VII of England in 1497, five years after Columbus discovered America. Jacques Cartier, a French navigato
13、r, sailed up the St. Lawrence River in 1535, and opened the interior of Canada to French fur traders and latter colonizers. The English and French became rivals in the gradual,conquest of those parts of North America not claimed by the Spanish. After the Seven Years War from 1756 to 1763 (worldwides
14、eriesof conflicts fought for the control of Germany and for supremacy in colonial North America and India), the French were forced to give up every inch of land in,North America and the whole of Canada came under the British rule. But the British allowed the French colonists, all 60,000 of them, to
15、stay on, and the French colony on the St. Lawrence was reorganized in 1763 as the British province of Qubec.,Exploration of Eastern Canada,Explorations of Jacques Cartier: The French navigator Jacques Cartier led two exploratory expeditions to North America. He claimed the area he discovered for Fra
16、nce, and named the St. Lawrence River, which he explored as far as present-day Montral.,The St. Lawrence River flows northeast from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the North Atlantic Ocean, a distance of 1,300 km (800 mi). It serves as a major water route to the interior of the United St
17、ates and Canada, linking the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.,12.3.2 British Canada The first British settlers in Canada were American refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the War of American Independence (1775-1783), because they felt they were more British than American. T
18、hey called themselves Loyalists. There were 80,000 of them.,By an Act of 1791 Upper Canada (British) and Lower Canada (French) were created. In 1837 a conflict took place between Upper Canada and Lower Canada. By the Act of Union in 1840 the two Canadas were united and given internal self-government
19、 in 1848.,In 1867 Britains Parliament passed the British North America Act, which formed the colonies into a union called the Dominion of Canada. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Qubec were the first four provinces to join the Dominion. And July 1, 1867 became their first national day called
20、 “Canada Day”. It used to be known as Dominion Day, the First of July, Confederation Day and July the First.,12.3.3 The Canadian Nation By the Statute条例 of Westminster in 1931 the British Dominions自治领, including Canada, were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain and “equal in status, in no way subordinate to each other”, and bound together only by their loyalty to a common Crown. Since then Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations英联邦.,Making maple syrup(2分40秒) Driving the sleigh(3分50秒),