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1、旅游路线作为南非当地经济发展的工具外文翻译 本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目:Tourism Routes as Vehicles for Local Economic Development in South Africa: The Example of the Magaliesberg Meander出 处:Urban Forum, 2007, Volume 18, Number 2, Pages 85-104作 者: Jonathan Mograbi and Christian M. RogersonAbstract Tourism routes have emerged as a sign
2、ificant element for promotion of tourism, especially in small towns and rural areas. In South Africa, considerable policy attention is currently focused upon the development of new tourism routes. This article examines the local development impacts of the Magaliesberg Maender, a route tourism initia
3、tive that traverses across two South African provinces. It is argued that whilst this tourism route has extended the tourism growth potential of the locality, its wider impacts upon surrounding communities have been limited because of the weakness of local government to address issues concerning tou
4、rism planningKeywordsRoute tourismLocal economic developmentTourism planning South AfricaIntroductionRoute development has been viewed as the worlds best hope to secure sustainability in travel and tourism ECI Africa 2006; Lourens 2007. Not surprisingly, in the international context, therefore, the
5、development of themed routes as tourist attractions has gained prominence in recent years. In present-day South Africa, considerable activity also surrounds the development of route tourism, involving a linkage together of the tourism resources of a number of smaller centres and collectively marketi
6、ng them as a single tourism destination region Briedenhann and Wickens 2004; Donaldson 2007. The development of wine routes as part of the strong and growing interest in special interest wine tourism represents one of the most well-known examples Preston-Whyte 2000; Bruwer 2003. In addition, scenic
7、routes are being widely used to assist development of the tourism potential of Free State and Western Cape provinces Donaldson 2007. The most high profile and ambitious South African route tourism initiative is the activities of the African Dream Project organised by the Open Africa Foundation Visse
8、r 2004. In terms of local economic development LED planning, the activity of route tourism is of special interest for it often involves developing cooperative planning arrangements and relationships taking place between different localities in order for them to collectively compete as tourism spaces
9、. Tourism route planning is thus a subset of what is termed by Timothy 1998 as cooperative tourism planning and by Reed 1999 as collaborative tourism planning. It is argued that the clustering of activities and attractions in less developed areas, stimulates cooperation and partnerships between comm
10、unities in local and neighbouring regions and serves as a vehicle for the stimulation of economic development through tourism Briedenhann and Wickens 2004, p. 72. Spatial networks are constituted by packaging tourism products into “inclusive and coherent routes through the use of themes and stories
11、such as folklore, working lives, food and drink routes, religious routes which help to move the tourist around geographically dispersed attractions Clarke 2005, p. 92. It is against a backdrop of the significance of tourism routes for LED in South Africa that this article examines the issues and pro
12、blems surrounding route tourism development as an LED initiative in South Africa. The case study under analysis is the Magaliesberg Meander, a recent route tourism initiative that straddles two South African provinces, namely, Gauteng and North West Province. Tourism Routes: An International Perspec
13、tiveRoute tourism is a market-driven approach for tourism destination development. The terminology used to describe the concept often varies in different parts of the world, with use of the notions of themed routes, trails, scenic by-ways and so forth. Usually, the term trails applies to a smaller s
14、patial scale and often to indicate the ability of visitors/tourists to engage in attractions on foot, by bicycle or on horseback. By contrast, the term drive tourism is utilised to encourage visitation to attractions that may be dispersed over longer distances, thus, bringing in even remote rural ar
15、eas within the orbit of route tourism Olsen 2003; Shih 2006. Overall, the tourism route concept is considered to be “a very effective method of tourism distribution especially of tourists travelling by road driving, hiking, cycling etc within a given geographical area ECI Africa 2006, p. 6. In sever
16、al parts of the world, the concept of trails or heritage routes has been used particularly in the context of promoting tourism in small towns Briedenhann and Wickens 2004; Meyer-Cech 2005. According to Meyer 2004, routes seem to be a particularly good opportunity for the development of less mature a
17、reas with high cultural resources that appeal to special interest tourists who often not only stay longer but also spend more to pursue their particular interest. Routes appeal to a great variety of users such as international overnight visitors that visit the route as part of a special interest hol
18、iday, staying visitors that frequent the route or part of it on day excursions or urban domestic day visitors ECI Africa 2006, p. 8 The essential concept of route tourism is simple, namely, that of the linking together a series of tourism attractions to promote local tourism by encouraging visitors
19、to travel from one location to another. Routes vary considerably in length and scale as well as theme adopted and visitors attracted in terms of characteristics as well as numbers Lourens 2007. The development of tourism routes offers opportunities for the formation of local development partnerships
20、Some of the best and most successful examples of such routes are the development of wine or food circuits, which have been widely researched in Europe, North America and Australasia Meyer-Cech 2003; Hall et al. 2003; Telfer 2001a, b; Telfer and Hashimot0 2003. As illustration, the Niagara Wine Route
21、 in Canada links over 50 wineries in the region and is the anchor for wine tourism Telfer 2001a. This partnership is indicative of the potential for the development of competitive advantage through local clusters as a form of tourism-led LED Telfer 2001b. Beyond wine and food tourism routes, there a
22、re also operational European examples of route-based cultural tourism Murray and Graham 1997Meyer 2004 isolates several factors or objectives that underpin the development of route tourism initiatives: to diffuse visitors and disperse income from tourism, to bring lesser known attractions and featur
23、es into the tourism business/product, to increase the overall appeal of a destination, to increase length of stay and spending by tourists, to attract new tourists and to attract repeat visitors and to increase the sustainability of tourism products. Of crucial importance for the attractiveness of a
24、ny route is its perceived distance in terms of, particularly, the spatial distance or actual travel distance between the source generating region and the tourist destination as well as the travel time needed to cover the geographical distanceTourism routes can cater for the day visitor or the stay-o
25、ver tourist, the latter often linked to drive tourism. In many contexts, drive tourism is an essential associated concept to that of tourism route development. The Australian State of Queensland has placed particular emphasis upon theme trails linked to drive tourism Olsen 2003. The concept of drive
26、 tourism is defined by Olsen 2002 as individuals traveling away from home for at least one night, on holidays or visiting friends and relatives, in their own, a rented or borrowed vehicle as the primary mode of transport. Drive tourism is also delineated by the way a route it incorporates several de
27、stinations Shih 2006. In addition to the multi-destination feature, Hardy 2003 points out that there are six components that form drive tourism, viz., the road, accommodation provision, information including visitor centres, signage and brochures, refueling and roadside services, vehicle repairs and
28、 recovery and attractions that target drive tourists. Drive tourism is thus linked to the spatial dispersal of tourism through route development. In the USA and Australia in particular, the importance of drive tourism has been recognised with government support in different ways signage, information
29、 etc; see Eby and Molnar 2002; Olsen 2002, 2003. Taiwan is a recent addition to the list of countries that now focus on drive tourism Shih 2006 Tourism networks and clusters are additional high profile issues in the literature on tourism routes and local destination development see Hall 1999; Michae
30、l 2003; Pavlovich 2003; Gibson et al. 2005; Saxena 2005. Dredge 2006, p. 269 observes: networks spanning public and private sectors are increasingly important in shaping tourism planning and development. For Hall 2005, p. 154 networks and cluster relationships are a significant part of the developme
31、nt of intangible capital. Moreover, Gibson et al. 2005, p. 87 observe for the formation of strong tourism clusters international and national agencies actively promote the concept of business networks at a local destination level. The building of networks in tourism, through route tourism initiative
32、s, may assist variously to tackle the inherent competitiveness between micro-enterprises and foster greater cooperation, drawing together public and private sector interests and to increase visitor spend while minimizing leakage and imizing the multiplier effect in the local economy Clarke 2005. Ove
33、rall, Vernon et al. 2005, p. 325 record that a striking feature of contemporary tourism is the wealth of collaborative initiatives between local authorities, government agencies, businesses and host communities. The need for cooperation in tourism development is viewed by Saxena 2005 as central to a
34、verting the long-term costs of adversarial conflicts between interest groups which can be wasteful, ensuring a degree of local control, sensible use of natural resources and responsible marketing of tourism such that it supports local socioeconomic and environmental sustainability; and to foster dem
35、ocratic empowerment and equity and an enhanced tourism product.Successful Tourism Route DevelopmentIt has been shown that if well-designed and imaginative, tourism routes can generate several positive advantages. According to Meyer 2004, the most important are to spread the economic benefits more wi
36、dely spatially by developing tourist facilities, activities and services along tour routes in a manner that will facilitate tourist spending at these stopover points; to provide additional employment and income, both directly and indirectly, through local facilities and services requited to operate
37、tour programmes and to expand tourist markets and extend average length of stay of tourists by providing a variety of attractions and activities. A central element for successful route development is the formation of co-operative networks among a multitude of often very diverse tourism suppliers Mey
38、er 2004, p. 16. Indeed, a precondition for establishing a route is the buildup within a region of a good framework of collaboration between government, local council, private enterprises and associations, the tourism industry and local council Lourens 2007. Cooperation is viewed as a productive fact
39、or that is necessary and able to harness the energies of all involved with local development for the benefit of job creation and LED. Conceptually, these collaborative associations are considered as route networks characterised by participating parties being mutually dependent on resources controlle
40、d by others, albeit recognising that there are advantages to be accrued from a collective pooling of resources Meyer 2004An essential starting point for route development is, thus, the development of a collective culture of ;cooperation to compete. There is an imperative for intense cooperation as o
41、pposed to competition between a variety of attractions and tourism suppliers. In many cases, collaborative networks and routes have only been established because of a small number of key individuals that function as the driving forces or leaders. Good South African examples are those of Open Africa
42、Visser 2004 and the Stellenbosch wine routes, which grew out from the activities of viticulturalists who saw the opportunities that would accrue from collaboration in terms of the selling of wine Preston-Whyte 2000; Bruwer 2003Nevertheless, whilst local governments seek to use tourism as a critical
43、lever for local economic development, it remains that frequently local governments are unable to take responsibility for tourism development. Briedenhann and Wickens 2004 argue that local government must understand the value of tourism and provide a platform for the private sector to deliver. As obs
44、erved by Meyer 2004, p. 19: leadership in developing routes is essential, if this is not forthcoming from the public sector, all too often the private sector fills this space.旅游路线作为南非当地经济发展的工具-以马格雷斯堡河为例摘要 旅游线路已成为一个促进旅游业的重要因素,尤其是在小城镇和农村地区。在南非,相当大的政策的注意力目前集中在发展新的旅游路线。本文探讨了马格雷斯堡河路线旅游的倡议,对两个南非当地省份发展的影响。
45、有人认为,这种旅游路线,虽然扩大了当地旅游业的发展潜力,但其对周边地区的影响是有限的,因为当地政府无力解决有关旅游规划的问题。关键词 旅游路线 地方经济发展 旅游规划 南非 简介 旅游路线发展已被视为世界上最有希望确保旅行的可持续性(ECI 非洲2006;罗伦斯2007年)。这在国际范围内,是毫无异议的。因此,作为旅游景点为主题的路线发展,近年来已取得突出。在今天的南非,大量活动也围绕着的路线旅游业的发展,涉及集中在一起的旅游资源,作为一个单一的旅游目的地区域的共同市场(布雷登汉姆和威肯斯2004年;唐纳森2007年)。最有名的例子是葡萄酒的路线,葡萄酒旅游业在特殊利益下得到强劲发展和不断壮大
46、(普雷斯顿-怀特2000年;布鲁尔2003年)。此外,风景线正在被广泛用于协助的自由州和西开普省旅游发展潜力(唐纳森2007年)。最引人注目的,雄心勃勃的南非洲际航线旅游倡议活动是由解放非洲基金会(比塞尔2004年)举办的项目。 在地方经济发展(LED)的规划上,旅游活动路线它常常涉及到发展中国家的合作,以便规划安排和关系到不同地区之间的地方竞争他们特别感兴趣的集体旅游的空间。因此,旅游线路规划是由蒂莫西(1998年)和里德(1999年)为共同提出的旅游合作规划。有人认为欠发达地区的活动和景点,通过集群当地和周边地区的旅游服务车辆能促进社区之间的合作和伙伴关系,刺激经济发展(布雷登汉姆和威肯斯
47、2004年,第72页)。网络所构成的空间包装的旅游产品分为“包容性和连贯的路线”,通过使用主题和故事(如民间文学艺术,工作生活,食品和饮料的路线,宗教路线),帮助游客领略到不同景点的文化 (克拉克2005年,第92页)。这是本文探讨的问题。南非领导针对南非地方经济发展,倡议洲际航线的旅游路线。所分析的案例研究是马格雷斯堡河的路线旅游的倡议,南非横跨两个省,即豪登省和西北省。 旅游路线:国际视野 旅游路线是带动旅游目的地发展经济的方法。世界不同地区的有不同的概念描述,往往与“主题路线”,“创新”等等术语。通常情况下,术语“创新”适用于空间尺度较小,往往用以指示游客,从事景点间的步行,骑自行车或骑
48、马。相比之下,术语“驾车旅游”是用来鼓励探视景点,可分散在更长的距离,因此,即使在偏远的农村地区,都能设计旅游路线轨道(奥尔森2003年;施2006年)。总体而言,旅游路线的概念被认为是“一种在特定地理区域非常有效的,尤其是旅游集散道路行驶的游客法(驾驶,远足,骑自行车等)”(ECI 非洲2006,第6页)。 在世界一些地区,旅游路线的概念已经被使用,特别是在小城镇(布雷登汉姆和威肯斯2004年;迈耶-切克2005年)。迈耶(2004年)认为路线吸引游客特别感兴趣的不是谁停留时间较长,而是花费更多的时间去提高自己的文化素质,特别是良好的路线。路线表明,国际旅游作为特殊利益的一部分,一日游或城市
49、夜生活旅客使过夜旅客的数量增加(ECI 2006,第8页)。 该旅游路线的基本概念很简单,那就是把在一起的旅游景点连接起来推广,鼓励游客从一个地点前往另一个地方旅游。不同路线有不同的长度和规模,通过主题特点以及数字不同(罗伦斯2007年)吸引了参观者。旅游业的发展路线提供了促进地方发展的伙伴关系形成的机会。对这种“航线的最佳和最成功的例子中有一些是葡萄酒和食品电路,它已被广泛应用于欧洲,北美和大洋洲(迈耶,2003年,特尔弗2001年,特尔弗和哈师莫 2003年),葡萄酒之路的尼亚加拉地区50多个葡萄酒厂和加拿大的联系是对葡萄酒旅游路线(特尔弗2001年)。这种伙伴关系通过当地的发展优势潜力,作为一个旅游产业为主导的地方经济发展形成集群(特尔弗2001年)。超越葡萄酒和美食旅游路线,也有文化旅游(莫雷和格雷厄姆1997年)欧洲业务的例子为基础的路线。 迈耶(2004年)巩固旅游业路线发展的几个因素或目标:漫游客和旅游业收入分散。使旅游企业产品为