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1、Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义） Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？） GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and - MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学地理信息学GEOMATICS 测绘学 或者 geo 代表
2、地 球，matics 代表数学，或者 geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学） It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的 理解） The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past fe
3、w years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形 成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学” 或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和 GIS 方向【或“基于 GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。
4、） Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment.（随着新技 术的发展
5、和不断增长的对空间关系的信息类型的需求，尤其是在测量和监测我们的环境方面【环境监测】，现在， 传统测量学定义连同【along with】日益【steadily 稳定的】增长的测量的重要性一起包含在这个术语里了。【逗 号后面的句子修饰 demand】） Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources, and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land, wate
6、r and air from human activities. （日益增长的危机来自人口扩张，地价上涨，资源紧缩【紧张】，还有由于人类活动引起的土地、水、空气质量 的持续的压力【由人类活动带来的土地、水、空气质量的恶化】 As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences.（这
7、样，测 绘学在地球科学，各种工程学【engineering sciences 工程学】，计算机科学，空间规划，土地开发和环境科学 相互之间架起了广泛的桥梁。） Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization(ISO),so it is here to stay.（现在 geomatics 这个词已经被包括 ISO【国际标准化 组织】在内的数个国际机构【international bodies】所采用
8、， 因此它就这样被普遍接受【be here to stay 习惯用语“被普遍接受”】 The term “surveyor ” is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities. （surveyor 这个词按惯例用来总指（这换成“总称”较好）【collectively 全体的】那些从事上述 活动的人。） More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrograp
9、hic Surveyor for example, are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise.（更具体的【explicit 清楚的、直接的】工作如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般【commonly 一般地】被业内人士【practitioners 从业者】用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。【直译为：更清楚的工作描 述就如如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般被从业者用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。】） The term geomat
10、ics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields.（geomatics 这个术语是个新词，表达【convey 传达】了实体集合和它们相关 联【related】的活动的自然科学，并使这些领域的未来技术发展的结合【incorpo
11、ration 结合】成为可能。 【flexibility 弹性、机动性】） Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis. （这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业【industry】里和学校建立了【allow 允 许了】一个一致的【coherent】专业市场） As a result, both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveyi
12、ng sector at many of the world s leading universities are being changed to “Degree in Geomatics”. （结果，世界上许多一流大学的 传统的测量专业【部门】的无论是课程还是授予资【授予学位名称】格都改为“测绘学位”【Degree in Geomatics】 的了） This does not suggest the demise of the term “surveyor” and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogamme
13、rtrists, etc. as appropriate to their specialization.（这并不意味着“surveyor” 这个词的消亡，测绘毕业生还将从事适合他们专业的【as appropriate to their specialization】土地测量员、 摄影测量员及其他【ect.】的工作） In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process
14、 geo-spatial data.（在过去的十年中，在应用硬件和软件的方法 【solution 解决方法】来测量和处理地球空间数据工作时 有着戏剧性的发展和增长）in the use of 在使用 时 This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. （创造并将继续创造新的应用【application】领域，并为合适的、合格 【qualified 有资格的】的毕业生提
15、供相关的【associated】工作。） As a result, the role of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity.（结果是，“surveyor”的角色大大超越传统实践领域如前面所述 的领域，进入到新的【opportunity 机会、时机】的领域。） In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and
16、processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. （另外，最近的数据采集和处理技术的发展模糊了以前被认为有联系却分离的领域的【实践的活动的 practice and activity】界限） Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose
17、education and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard.（可以预见【forecast】，这 种发展继续并将为涉猎广泛、学识一流的【broadly based and of a high academic standard】毕业生创造新 的事业。） To enable graduates to take full advantage of these developments, significant changes in education and training are required.（为了使毕业生
18、能充分利用【take full advantage of】这些发展，教育和训练的 重大改革【significant changes】成为必需的） Academic and professional institutions are also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomatics both as a course and as an award title. （学院的和专业的机构也作出反应，部分地，采用术语“geomatics” 作为一门课程和一项授予资格【授予学位名称】。） A working definition of geo
19、matics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:（测绘 学的一个现在使用的反映了当前的思想和对未来的预期的定义是：） The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presenting geographically referenced information(geo-spatial data ).（获取、处理、存储，分析和上呈【presenting 呈现】地理参考信息（地理空间信息）的科
20、学和技术。） This broad term applies both to science and technology, and mapping, geodesy, satellite positioning, photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems(GIS), land management ,computer systems, environmental visualization and computer graphics.（这个广泛的术语应用于科学和技术，以及 制图、大地测量学、卫星定位、摄影测量
21、学、遥感、地理信息系统、土地管理、计算机系统、环境可视化和计算 机制图等领域） Several terms such as “geomatics” , “geomatic engineering,” and “geoinformatics” are now in common use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information.（现在一些术语 如“测绘学”，“测绘工程”和“地学信息学”共同应用于某些活动中专属于【pertain to】通常【generally】 涉及【concern with】
22、地理信息的活动。） These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic information is collected, managed, and applied. （这些术语起初被采用用来表示地理信息的采集、管理和应用的总体的 方法。） Along with land surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography, GIS is an important component of geomat
23、ics. （连同土地测量学，摄影测量学，遥感和制图学一起，GIS 也是测绘学中重要的一个 组成部分。） Branches of Geomatics（测绘学分支） Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system(GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. （数据获取技术包括普通野外测量，GPS 测量，卫
24、星定位和遥感图像获取，通过航空摄影和卫星成像） It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.（它还包括数据库资料的获取通过扫描就有地图和设计图，还有有关机构 收集的数据。） Data management and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design, digital
25、 photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic information systems (GIS). （通过计算机程序，数据管理和处理 应用于工程设计，数字摄影测量【digital photogrammetry】， 图像分析，相关资料库的管理和 GIS。） Data plotting(presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs; the pr
26、esentations are displayed on computer screens(where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.（数据成图【数字成图】是通过制图和其他直观的 计算机程序【illustrative 直观的、说明性的】进行的；其表达显示在计算机屏幕上（交互式编辑处理），也可 以通过数字绘图仪输出到纸上。【handle 操作、处理】） Once the positions and attributes of geographic entit
27、ies have been digitized and stored in computer memory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users.（一旦地理实体的位置和属性被数字化并 被存储进计算机存储器，就可以有效的【available 有效的、可用的】为广泛的各种的使用者所用） Through the use of modern information technology(IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines
28、: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry, agriculture, planning and development, geology, geographical sciences, infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and computer science.（通过现代【估计 moderm 应该是 mode
29、rn】信息技术，测绘学将以下学科的专业人员整合到一起：测量 学、制图学、遥感、国土注册、土木【civil 民用的】工程和海洋工程，林业，农业，决策与发展，地质学，地 理科学，基础设施【infrastructure】管理，导航，环境与自然资源监测和计算机科学。） Other Definitions of Geomatics（测绘学的其他定义） As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “Geomatica”: Geomatics is a field of activities whi
30、ch, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific, administrative, legal and technical operations【业务】 involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information. （加拿大测量学会【Canadian Institute of Geomatics
31、】在他们的季刊“地球空间信息学”中这样定义：测绘 学是利用系统的方法，为生产和处理【management】科学的，行政的，法律的【legal】和技术的业务【operations】 所需的空间信息，将所有获取和管理空间信息的方法【means】整合在一起的活动领域。）【as part of 作为 的一部分，这里不翻译出来】 The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be “ the art, science and technologies related to the management of geo
32、graphically-referenced information.” Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of site-specific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surv
33、eying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management .（测绘学定义在发展。 现行的一个定义是“涉及工艺、科学和技术的地理信息的处理”。测绘学或地球空间信息学包括一个广泛的生产 活动从工程学和发展了的测量学领域中特殊点的空间数据的获取和分析 到 GIS 和遥感技术在环境管理中的 应用。它包括地籍测量、水道测量和海图测量，在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。） Geomatics is the
34、modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earthbased data, often termed spatial data. These data come from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and sea-borne sensors and
35、ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art information technology using computer software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology and geophysics
36、, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data .（测绘学是一个现代科学术语，用以 表示测量、分析、管理，存储和显示基于地球信息，经常被称为空间数据【often termed spatial data】数据 的描述和位置的集成方法。这些数据来自各种数据源，包括地球轨道卫星，空载和舰载传感器及地面仪器。利用 计算机软件和硬件，借助现代【s
37、tate-of-the-art】信息技术。它的应用覆盖所有依赖空间数据的学科，包括环 境研究，规划，工程学，导航，地质和地球物理学，海洋学，土地开发，土地经营和旅游学。它因而成为所有使 用空间数据地球科学学科的基础。） from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales（摘自新南威尔士大学测绘【或地 球空间信息学】工程学院） Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and
38、 display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographic information systems, environmental visualization, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing and sur
39、veying. （测绘学是测量、表示，分析，处理，重获和显示关于地球物理特征和环境的空间数据的科学。其包括的主要学 科有制图学，土地管理，GIS，环境可视化，大地测量学，摄影测量学，遥感和测量学。） from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne（摘自墨尔本大学测绘学系【或者地球空间信息学系】 Geomatics comprises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting and managing geographically-referenced informatio
40、n. Geographical information plays an important role in activities such as environmental monitoring, management of land and marine resources, and real estate transactions. （测绘学包括自然科学，工程学和工艺或【技术】学；对地理信息的收集与管理。地理信息在环境监测，陆地和 海洋资源管理，以及房地产交易【real estate 房地产，transaction 交易】中扮演重要角色。 from the Dept. of Geodes
41、y and Geomatics Engineering at UNB（摘自加拿大纽布朗斯 维克大学 测量与大 地测量学系） The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earths physical features and the built environment. Geomatics includes disc
42、iplines such as : Surveying, Geodesy, Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems.（测绘学测量，表示，分析，管理，重获和显示空间信息，用来描述地球物理特 征和环境。测绘学包括的学科有：测量学，大地测量学，遥感和摄影测量学，制图学，GIS，GPS ） from the Dept. of Sruveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ.
43、of Tasmania （摘自塔斯马尼亚大学，测量与空间信息科学系） measurement】Unit 3Distance Measurement（距离测量）One of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. （ 测 量 工 作 的 一 项 基 础 【fundamental 基本原则，同时有基础的意思】是距离测量） Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth（ 距离不一定指的是直
44、线的，尤其是在地球曲面上的距离） In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line from one point or feature to another. （这里【In this subject 翻译成这里】，我们所涉及的是欧几里德空间， 我们可以认为一条从一点到另一点或一个特征到另一个特征的线是直线。） Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical.
45、（两点之间的距离可以是平距、斜距、 或者是垂距。） Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. （根据测量结果的精度【quality 质量】要求不同，平距或斜距有多种测 量方法） If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plum
46、b lines at the points. （如果这些点在不同高程上，那么平距指的是过点的垂线【plumb lines】之间的水平长 度。） Here gives a brief summary of relevant techniques and their respective accuracies（ 这里给出一个简短的 相关【relevant 相关的】技术的摘要【summary 摘要】和它们各自的【respective 各自的】精度） Pacing and Odometer（步测和自动计程仪） Pacing is a very useful form of measurement th
47、ough it is not precise, especially when surveyors are looking for survey marks in the field.（虽然不精确，但步测是一个非常有用的测量方法【form of ，尤其是测量者在野外寻找测量标志时。） Pacing can be performed at an accuracy level of 1/1001/500 when performed on horizontal land, while the accuracy of pacing cant be relied upon when pacing up or down steep hills.（当在水平场地进行时， 步测可以达到 1/100 到 1/500 的相对精度，而当地面起伏较大时，这样的精度就不能保证了。） The odometer is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directly registers