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1、TPO 08 Listening PartConversationStu: Hi, Id like to drop of my graduation form; I understand you need this in order to process my diploma.Pro: Ok, I will take that. Before you leave, lets me check our computer. Looks like you are OK for graduation, and actually, I am getting a warning fly on your a
2、cademic record here.Stu: Really?Pro: Yeah. Lets see was what. Are you familiar with your graduation requirements?Stu: Yes, I think soPro: Then you know you need 48 credits in your major field to graduate and at least 24 credits in the intermediate level or higher. Also, after your second year, you h
3、ave to meet with your department chair to outline a plan for the rest of your time here. In the past, we also issue letters before students final year began to let them know what they needed to take in the final year to be OK, but we dont do that anymore.Stu: I definitely met with my chair person 2
4、years ago; he told me that I need 8 more courses at the intermediate level or higher in the last 2 years to be OK. So I am not sure what the problem is, I make sure I got these credits.Pro: Unfortunately, the computer is usually pretty reliable; I am not sure what was going on here. Stu: It could be
5、 that I have taken 2 basic courses but couple both of them with a few experiences.Pro: What do you mean?Stu: I could only take intro courses because there were no intermediate level courses available for those particular topics. My chair person told me that if I did the independent field researches
6、in addition to the science work each course; they would count as the intermediate level courses. My classmates, some of my classmates, did this for an easy way to meet their intermediate course requirement, but I did it to get the kind of depth in those topics was going for. As I turned out I was re
7、ally enjoy the field work, which I supplement just sitting and listening the lecturesPro: I am sure thats true, but the computer still showing the miss basic level courses despite the field work.Stu: I am not sure what to do then, I mean, should I cancel my graduation party?Pro: No, no reason to get
8、 worry like that, just contact your chair person immediately, ok, tell him to call me as soon as possible so that we can verify your field work arrangement and certify these credits right away. Its not only there is an actual deadline to date you anything. But if more than a few weeks go by, we migh
9、t have a real problem that would difficult to fix in time for you to graduate. In fact, there probably would be nothing we could do.Stu: I will get on that.LecturePro: Well, last time we talked about passive habitat selection, like plants for example, they dont make active choices about where to gro
10、w. They are dispersed by some other agent, like the wind. And if the seeds land in a suitable habitat, they do well and reproduce. With active habitats selection, an organism is able to physically select where to live and breed. And because the animal breeding habitat is so important, we expect anim
11、al species to develop preferences for particular types of habitats. Places where their offspring have the best chance for survival. So lets look at the effect the preference can have by looking at some examples, but first lets recap. What do we mean by habitat? Frank? Stu: Well, its basically the pl
12、ace or environment where an organism normally lives and grows.Pro: Right, and as we discussed, there are some key elements that habitat must contain, food obviously, water, and is got have a right climate and basics for physical protection. And we were sound how important habitat selection is when w
13、e look at the habitat were some of the factors are removed, perhaps through habitats destruction. I just read about a short bird, the plover.The plover lives by the ocean and feeds on small shellfish insects in plants. It blends in with the sand, so it well camouflage from predator birds above. But
14、it lags eggs in shallow depressions in the sand with very little protection around them. So if there are people or dogs on the beach, the eggs and fledglings in the nest are really vulnerable. Outing California weather has been a lot of human development by the ocean. The plovers are now is threaten
15、 species. So conservation is tried to recreate a new habitat for them. They made artificial beaches and sun bars in area inaccessible to people and dogs. And the plover population is up quite a bit in those places.Ok. That is an incidence where a habitat is made less suitable. But now, what about th
16、e case where animal exhibits a clear choice between two suitable habitats in cases like that. Dose the preference matter? Lets look at the blue warbler.The Blue warbler is a songbird that lives in the North America. They clearly prefer hard wood forests with dense shrubs, bushes underneath the trees
17、. They actually nest in the shrubs, not the trees. So they pretty close to the ground, but these warblers also nest in the forests that have low shrub density. It is usually the younger warblers that next to the area because prefers spots where a lot of shrubs are taken by order more dominant birds.
18、And the choice of habitat seems to affect the reproductive success. Because the order and more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspring than those in low density areas, which suggests that the choice of where to nest does have impact on the number
19、of chicks they have. But preferred environment doesnt always seem to correlate with greater reproductive success. For example, In Europe, study has been done of blackcap warblers. We just call them blackcaps.Blackcaps can be found in two different environments. Their preferred habitat is forest that
20、 near the edge of streams. However, blackcaps also live in pine woods away from water. Study has been done on the reproductive success rate for birds in both areas, and the result showed surprisingly that the reproductive success was essentially the same in both areas- the preferred and the second c
21、hoice habitat. Well. Why? It turns out there were actually four times as many bird pairs or couples living in the stream edge habitat compared to the area away from the stream, so this stream edge area had much denser population which meant more members of same species competing for the resources. W
22、hen into feed on same thing or build their nests in the same places, which lower the suitability of the prime habitat even though its their preferred habitat. So the results of the study suggests that when the number of the competitors in the prime habitat reaches a certain point, the second random
23、habitat becomes just as successful as the prime habitat, just because there are fewer members of the same species living there. So it looks like competition for resources is another important factor in determining if particular habitat is suitable.LecturePro: We had been talking about the art world
24、in the late century in Paris. Today Id like to look at the woman who went to Paris at that time to become artists. Now from your reading what do you know about Paris about the art world of Paris during the late nineteen centuries?Stu: People came from all over the world to study.Stu: It had a lot of
25、 art schools and artists who taught painting. There were, our book mention is classes for women artists. And it was a good place to go to study art.Pro: If you want to become an artist, Paris was not a good place to go; Paris is THE place to go. And women could find skills and instructors there. Bef
26、ore the late 19 century. If they women who want to become an artist have to take private lessons or learn from family members. They have more limited options than men did.But around 1870s, some artists in Paris began to offer classes for female students. These classes are for women only. And by the
27、end of the 19 century, it became much more common for woman and man to study together in the same classes. So within few decades, things had changed significantly. Ok let back up again and talk about the time period from 1860 to the 1880s and talk more about what had happened in the woman art classe
28、s. In 1868, a private art academy open in Paris, and for decades it was the probably the most famous private art school in the world. It is founder Rudolph Julian was a canny business man. And quickly establish his school as a premiere destination for women artists. What he did was? After an initial
29、 trail period of mixed class, He changed the schools policy. He completely separated the man and woman students. Stu: Any reason why he did that?Pro: Well. Like I said Julian was a brilliant business man, with progressive ideas. He thought another small private art school where all the students were
30、 women was very popular at that time. And thats probably why he adopted the women only classes. His classes were typically offer by an established artist and were held in the studio, the place where they painted. This was a big deal because finally women could study art in a formal setting. And ther
31、e was another benefit to the group setting in these classes. The classes included weekly criticism. And the teacher would rank the art of all the students in the class from best to worst. How would you like if I did that in this class?Stu: HahNo way. But our test book said the competitivecompetition
32、 was good for women. It helps them see where they need to improve.Pro: Isnt that interesting? One woman artist, her name was Marry Bashkirtseff. Bashkirtseff once wrote how she felt about classmates work. She thought her classmates art was much better than her own and it gave her an incentive to do
33、better. Overall the competition in the womens art classes gave women more confidence. Confidence they could also compete in the art world after their schooling. And even though Bashkirtseff could not study in the same classes as man, she was having an impact as an artist. Just look like the salon, w
34、hat do you know about the salon?Stu: It was a big exhibition, a big art show and they had in Pairs every year. They art had to be accepted by judges.Stu: It was a big deal you can make a name for yourself.Pro: You can have a painting or sculpture in the salon and go back to your home country saying
35、you were been success in the Paris.It was sort of, see of approval. It was a great encouragement for an artist career. By the last two decades of 19 century, one fifth of the paintings in the salon were by woman, much higher than in the past. In fact, Marry Bashkirtseff self had a painting in the sa
36、lon in the 1881. Interestingly this masterpiece called IntheStudio is a painting of interior of Julians art school. It is not in your test book I will show you the painting next week, the painting depiction active crowd studio with woman drawing and painting life model. It was actually Bashkirtseff
37、actually follow Julian savvy suggestion and painted her fellow students in a class at the school was the artist herself at far right. A great advertisement for the school when the painting eventually hung up at the salon, for a woman studio had never been painted before. ConversationPro: So, Richer,
38、 what is up?Stu: I know we will have a test coming up on chapter on.Pro: Chapter 3 and 4 from text book.Stu: Right, 3 and 4, I didnt get something you said on class Monday.Pro: Alright? Do you remember what was it about?Stu: Yes, you were talking about a gym health club where people can go to exerci
39、se that kind of thing.Pro: Ok, but the health club model is actually from chapter 5.soStu: Ok, chapter 5 so it not-Ok but I guess I still want to try to understandPro: Of course, I was talking about an issue in strategic marketing, the healthy club model; I mean with a health club you might think th
40、ey would trouble attracting customs right?Stu: Well, I know when I pass by a healthy club and I see although people working out, the exercising, I just soon walk on by.Pro: Yes, there is that. Plus, lots of people have exercise equipment at home, or they can play sports with their friends. right?Stu
41、: Sure.Pro: But nowadays in spite of all that, and expensive membership fees, health club are hugely popular, so how come?Stu: I guess that is I didnt understand. Pro: Ok, basically they have to offer things that most people can find anywhere else, you know quality, that means better exercise equipm
42、ent, higher stuff, and classes-exercise classes may be aerobics.Stu: I am not sure if Iok I get it. And you know another thing is I think people probably feel good about themselves when they are at gym. And they can meet new people socialize.Pro: Right, so health club offer high quality for faciliti
43、es. And also they sold an image about people having more fun relating better to others and improving their own lives if they become members.Stu: Sure that makes sense.Pro: Well, then, can you think of another business or organization that could benefit from doing this? Think about an important build
44、ing on campus here, something everyone uses, a major sources of information?Stu: You mean like an administrative building? Pro: Well, that is not what I had in my mind. Stu: You mean the library.Pro: Exactly. Libraries, imagine publish libraries; there are information resource for the whole communit
45、y right?Stu: Well they can be, now, with the internet and big book stores, you can probably get what you need without going to a library.Pro: Thats true. So if you were the director of a public library, what will you do about that?Stu: To get more people to stop in, well, like you said, better equip
46、ments, maybe a super fast internet connection, not just a good variety of books but also like nice and comfortable areas where people can read and do research. Things make them want to come to the library and stay.Pro: great.Stu: Oh, maybe have authors come and do some readings or special presentati
47、ons. Something people couldnt get home.Pro: Now, you are getting it.Stu: Thanks, professor Williams, I think too.LecturePro: So weve been talking about the printing press. How it changes peoples lives, making books more accessible to everyone. More books mean more reading, right? But, as you know, n
48、ot everyone has perfect vision. This increasing literacy, um, in reading, led to an increasing demand for eye glasses. And heres something you probably havent thought of. This increased demand impacted the societal attitudes toward eye glasses. But, first let me back up a bit and talk about vision correction before the printing press. And, um, what did people with poor