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1、英语语言学概论一I. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word beginning with the letter given: 1.Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive_ratherthanprescriptive. 2.Consonantscanbedescribedintermsofplaces_ofarticulation,mannersofarticulation,andvoicing_. 3.Allophones_arevariantsofthesamephonemeindifferentphone
2、ticcontexts. 4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageiscalledmorpheme_. 5.AccordingtoSaussure,alinguisticsigniscomposedofsignifier_andsignified_. 6.Generallinguisticsisbasedontheviewthatlanguageasasystemcomposedofthreeaspects:sound,structure_andmeaning. 7.Monophthongsanddiphthongs_aretwomajortypesofvow
3、els. 8.Sequencesthatarepossiblebutdonotoccuryetarecalledaccidental_gap,e.g./blik/,/bilk/,/klib/,and/kilb/. 9.Meanings_andsounds_makeuptwosubsystemsoflanguage. 10.Thelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmetalanguage_. 11.AccordingtoM.A.K.Halliday,languageplaysthreemetafunctionssimultaneously:theide
4、ationalfunction,theinterpersonal_functionandthetextual_function. 12.Chineseisatypicaltone_language.M(mother),m(hemp)m(horse)m(scold),forexample,arefourdistinguishedwords. 13.Thetotalnumberofwordsstoredinthebrainiscalledlexicon_,whichcanbeunderstoodasamentaldictionary. 14.Wordslikewent,whichisnotrela
5、tedinformtoindicategrammaticalcontrastwiththeroot,arecalledsuppletives_. 15.Semantics_isdefinedasthestudyofmeaning. 16.Synonym_arewordswhichhavedifferentformsbutsimilarmeanings.II. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: (T) 1. The Swiss lingu
6、ist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.(F) 2. Chinese is an agglutinating language.(F) 3. Not all vowels are voiced.(F ) 4. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in f
7、ree variation.( F) 5. A greenbottle is a type of bottle.(T ) 6. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.(F) 7. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing. (T) 8. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present
8、or future.( T ) 9. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( F ) 10. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.( F ) 11. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.( F ) 12. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance
9、 meaning.(T ) 13. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.(F ) 14. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.(F ) 15. The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.III. Multiple Ch
10、oice 1. _ _ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.(C )A. Duality B. Arbitrariness C. Creativity D. Displacement2. Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday? .(D )A. Ideational function B. Interpersonal function C. Textu
11、al function. D. Logical function3. The study of speech sounds is called _.(A)A. Phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Phonology D. Acoustic Phonetics4. Every syllable has a(n) _, which is usually a vowel. .(B )A. onset B. nucleus C. coda D. rhyme5. Which of the following does not belong to supraseg
12、mental features? .(D )A. Stress B. Intonation C. Tone D. Syllable6. _ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. .(A )A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Lexicon D. Morpheme7. _ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class. .(D )A. Clipping B. Ble
13、nding C. Eponym D. Conversion8. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _ morphemes. .(B )A. one B. two C. three D. four9. Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all _.(B ) A. minimal pairs B. minimal sets C. allophones D. phonesIV. For each group of
14、 sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) then share: Example: s f p h voiceless1) g z d voiced2) v h s fricative3) m p b f v labial4) t d n l s z alveolar5) i: i u u: highV. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it. Example: heat i: vo
15、wel front higha) photo /f/coicelesslabiodentalfricativeb) write /r/alveolarretroflexliquid c) car /a:/lowbackvoweld) actor /k/voicelsssvelarstope) city /i/laxhighfrontvowelf) city /s/voicelessalveolarfrocativeg) worry /w/labiovelarglide h) yes /j/palatalglideVI. Write the phonetic symbol that corres
16、ponds to the articulatory description. Example: vowel front high i:1 bilabial nasal2 voiced labiovelar glide3 literal liquid4 voiced bilabial stop5 front high laxVII. Pronounce the words key and core, ski and score, paying attention to the phoneme /k/. What difference do you notice between the first
17、 pair and the second pair in terms of the phonetic features of the voiceless velar stop? Inpronouncingkey,thevoicelessvalarstopispalatalized.Inkeyandcorethestopisaspirated.Inski,thestopisalsopalatalized.Inskiandscore,thestopisunaspirated.VIII. Consider the following words and answer the questions be
18、low: a) finger 1b) disgraceful 3c) stepsister 2underlinesisterd) psycholinguistics 4underlinelinguisticse) antidisestablishmentarianism 7underlineestablishi. Tell the number of morphemes in each word.ii. Underline the free morphemes in each word where possible to do so.IX. Identify the difference be
19、tween a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby. Agreenhouse,thestreeisongreen,agreenhouse,thestressisonhouse.X. Define the following term, giving examples for illustration:AllophoneGreenhouseisacompoundword;greenhouseisanounphrase.Agreenhouserefer
20、stoabuildingwithsidesandroofofglass,usedforgrowingplantsthat needprotectionfromtheweather,whileagreenhousereferstoahousewhosecolourisgreen.XI. Draw tree diagrams for the following two sentences: 1. A clever magician fooled the audience. Asleepingcar2. The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind. the
21、stressisonsleeping3. They can fish. asleepingbaby,thestressisonbaby4. Pat found a book on Wall Street. Asleepingcarmeansacarinwhichonecansleep5. I saw the man with a telescope. Asleepingbabymeansababywhoissleeping.XII. Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences. a. This is a beautiful girls dr
22、ess.Thisisadressforbeautifulgirls.Thisisabeautifuldressforgirls.b. Those who went there quickly made a fortune.Thosewhoquicklywenttheremadeafortune. Thosewhowenttheremadeafortunequickly.c. A woman murdererAmurdererwhoisawoman.Amurdererwhohaskilledawoman.XIII. Tell the process of word formation illus
23、trated by the example and find as many words as you can that are formed in the same way. (1) flu clipping (2) OPEC acronyming(3) Nobel eponyming(4) televise backformation(5) better (v.) conversionXIV. How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? Column I Column IIa
24、. The White House a white houseb. a redcoat a red coata. a bluebird a blue birdb. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeperXV. Explain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial institute). XVI. Identify the type of transitivity process in each of the following sentences
25、. (1) John washed the car.(2) John likes the car.XVII. Answer the following question: What are the three metafunctions according to Halliday?英语语言学概论二I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:( False ) 1. Pragmatics is concerned with speaker me
26、aning.(True ) 2. The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed cataphoric reference. II. Multiple Choice 1. Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in _ABD_ meaning.A. collocative B. social C. affective D. reflected2. _B_ refers to having the right to s
27、peak by turns.A. Adjacency pairs B. Turn-talking C. Preferred second parts D. Insertion sequences3. British English and American English are _C_ varieties of the English language.A. functional B. social C. regional D. standard 4. _B_ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for
28、 use in communication through the target language.A. Metalanguage B. Interlanguage C. Sign D. Esperanto 5. In _C_ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.A. telegraphic B. two-word C. holophrastic D. babbling6. _A_ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieti
29、es according to use.”A. Register B. Field C. Mode D. TenorIII. Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.1. My uncle is male. tautology2. The spinster is married. contradiction3. Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents. inconsistency4. Sam is the hu
30、sband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam. synonymy5. He has gone to London. He has gone to England. entailmentIV. Data Analysis: 1. What is the illocution of As utterance in the following brief encounter?A: You are in a non-smoking zone, sir.B: Thanks (extinguishing the cigarette).A wants to stop B
31、from smoking there2. What kind of pre-sequence is As first utterance? (Hint: A and B are two secretaries working in the same office.)A: Are you going to be here long?B: You can go if you like.A: Ill just be outside. Call me if you need me.B: OK.Pre-request.V. Try to think of contexts in which the fo
32、llowing sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts: 1. The room is messy. Its time to clean it up2. It would be good if she had a green skirt on. I wish she had a good time.VI. Define the following term, giving examples for illustration: Variety The term variety is the label gi
33、ven to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional (geographical) dialects, sociolects
34、(social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).VII. Give examples to illustrate gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms, and reversal antonyms. Gradable antonyms are pairs of words opposite to each other, but the positive of one word does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, or
35、 vice versa. A person who is not rich is not necessarily poor. The two words represent two polarities between which there is continuum. This relation is found between many adjective and adverb pairs. They have three characteristics. Firstly, they can be used in comparative or superlative degrees (fa
36、ster, fastest; slower, slowest). Secondly, they can be modified by adverbs of degree, very, fairly, quite, rather, etc. Thirdly, they can follow how in questions (How large is the room? How long is the river?). In raising such questions the basic one of the two is preferred. Otherwise, there is pres
37、upposition in the question. For instance, “How short is the man?” presupposes the man is below the average in height.Complementary antonyms are words opposite to each other and the positive of one implies the negative of the other. Dead/alive, male/female, pass/fail, etc. are complementary antonyms.
38、 An animal may be neither big nor small, but it cannot be neither dead nor alive. Adjectives and adverbs which are complementarily opposite to each other cannot be used in comparative or superlative degrees, nor modified by adverbs of degree. In addition, they cannot appear in questions beginning wi
39、th how.Reversal antonyms are words that denote the same relation or process from one or the other direction. Push/pull, come/go, ascend/descend, buy/sell, up/down in/out, employer/employee, husband/wife, are all reversal antonyms. If you see push on the door when you enter a room, then you will expe
40、ct to see pull, going out of the room through the same door. If John is on the right of Jane, Jane must be on the left of John. These examples show that reversal antonyms describe a relation between two entities from alternate directions or view points.VIII. Answer the following questions:1. What ar
41、e the features of metaphors?Metaphors are systematic precisely because they are conceptual in nature. For example, there are many metaphors which reflect our conceptions of time. Among them, TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE and TIME IS A VALUEABLE COMMODITY are three concepts which are syst
42、ematically related. These concepts are shown by many English metaphors as listed by Lakoff & JohnsonOf these metaphors, some refer specifically to money (spent, invested, budget, profitably, cost), others to limited resources (use, use up, have enough of, run out of), and still others to valuable co
43、mmodities (have, give, lose, thank you for). The three metaphorical concepts form a conceptual system based on subcategorization and entailment. In modern industrialized societies, time is conceptualized as a valuable commodity, limited resource, and even money, because work and pay are quantified i
44、n terms of hours, weeks, and years. TIME IS MONEY entails TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, which entails TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY. The most specific concept TIME IS MONEY is often used to characterize coherently and systematically all those concepts expressed by the metaphors listed. Metaphor can cre
45、ate similarities between the two domains involved. This runs counter to the traditional view which holds that similarities are inherent in the entities themselves. But cognitive linguists hold that the similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential rather than objective. The metaphorical concepts TIME IS MONEY, for example, is not found in all cultures, nor in all historical periods of a particular culture. The correlation between the two semantic categories is established in the process of conceptualizati