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1、语法：连词 Link words连词是虚词，不能在句中单独担任成分，只起连接作用。按其用法，连词可分为两大类：并列连词(Coordinate Conjunctions) 和从属连词 (Subordinate Conjunctions) 。一并列连词：连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。1. 并列关系: and, not only but also ，both and ，neither nor I used to live in Paris and London.Both Jane and Jim are interested in fishing.The weather here is neit
2、her too cold nor too hot.She is not only kind but also honest.2. 转折关系： but, yet, while( 然而 ), when( 然而，偏偏 )The car is very old but it runs very fast.The problem was a little hard, yet I was able to work it out.The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.Why did you borrow the bo
3、ok when you had one?3. 选择关系：or, not but ，either - or ,Would you like to live or would you like to stay?He is not a teacher but a writer.You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday.4. 因果关系： forIt must have rained last night, for the ground is wet now.The leaves of the trees are falling, for it s alr
4、eady autumn.5. 区别( 1 ) and 和 or1) 并列结构中， or 通常用于否定句， and 用于肯定句。2) 但有时 and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：There is no air or water in the moon.There is no air and no water on the moon.在否定中并列结构用 or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用 and。典型例题-I don t like chicken _ fish.-I don t like chicken, _ I like fish very much.A. a
5、nd ； and B. and ； but C. or； but D. or ； and答案Co否定句中表并列用or, but表转折。判断改错：(错) We will die without air and water.(错) We can t live without air or water.(对) We will die without air or water.(对) We can t live without air and water.(2) 表示选择的并列结构1) or 意思为 否则 。I must work hard, or I ll fail in the exam.2) e
6、itheror意思为或者或者。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。Either you or I am right.(3) 表示转折或对比1) but 表示转折， while 表示对比。Some people love cats, while others hate them.典型例题- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?- I d like to, _ I m too busy.A. and B. so C. as D. but答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的 and,结果的so,原因的as都不符合句 意。2) notbut 意思为不是
7、而是not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.(4) 表原因关系1) for判断改错：(错) For he is ill, he is absent today.(对) He is absent today, for he is ill.for 是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。2) so, thereforeHe hurt his leg, so he couldn t play in the game.、，、.一
8、、一注意：a.两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。You can watch TV, and /or you can go to bed.He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn t play in the game.b. although yet，但 although 不与 but 连用。(错) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work.(对) Although he was weak, yet he trie
9、d his best to do the work.(5) 注意：not onlybut also关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.neithernor意思为既不也不”谓语动词采用就近原则，与 nor后的词保持一致。(6) 比较 so 和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词 many， few ， much ， little
10、 连用，形成固定搭配。so + adj.so + adj. + a(n) + n.so + adj. + n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. 不可数 so foolishso nice a flowerso many/ few flowersso much/little money.so many peoplesuch + a(n) + n.such + n. (pl.)such +n. (pl.)such +n. 不可数 such a foolsuch a nice flowersuch nice flowerssuch rapid progresssuch a lot of pe
11、opleso many已成固定搭配，a lot of虽相当于 many,但a lot of为名词性的，只能用 such搭配。so- that与suchthat之间的转换即为so与such之间的转换。二从属连词：指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有：引导时间状语从句的： after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as引导原因状语从句的： because, since, as引导让步状语从句的： although, though, no matter (无论) , even if (though)引导条件状语从
12、句的： if, unless, once, as (so) long as引导结果状语从句的：so, so that, sothat，suchthat引导目的状语从句的：so, so that，in order that引导比较状语从句的：asas，not so (as), as, than引导方式状语从句的：as, as if，as though引导地点状语从句的： where ， wherever引导名词性从句(主语，宾语、表语或同位语从句)的连词主要有： that, whether, if 三个。其 中 that 和 whether 间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。(一)某些用法比较特
13、殊的从属连词用法区别1、当 while, when, as 引导时间状语从句时的区别： while 引导的状语从句中动词必须是延续性。 谓语动词多为进行时， 或状态动词的一般时。 while 的这些用法可用 when 代替，等于“ at the time that ” ,“ during the tim。 e that”例如： Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying ； when 除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于“ atthe time ” ， when 引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以是延续性的。因此
14、主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。例如： When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment. (不能用 while )He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English. (when 可换成 while )as常可与when, while通用，但强调 边、一边“。例如： As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37.
15、when 引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是“主语+系动词”结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。例如： When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man.She ll be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary.when有时代替if,引导条件句，意为 如果、 假如，例如：I ll come when (if) I m free.2、before作连词一般表示时间，意为 在之前”，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译： He almost knocked me down be
16、fore he saw me. 他几乎把我撞倒才看见我；Before I could get in a word he had measured me. 我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。3、till, until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为not - until(till),主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为 直到才”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示到为止”。例如： They played volleyball until (till) it got dark.They didn tt&lkl续)until (till) the inter
17、preter (译员)came.He didn t go to bed延续）until （till） the his father came back. ; until 可以放在句首，till 则不行， 例如： Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing.Not until he finished his work did he go home. （倒装） ； till, until 只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用 as far as或 to）。4、
18、 because, since, as 引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because ,因此because 引导的从句往往放在句末。用 why提问的句子，一定用because 回答。例如： He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.；如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as,或since。since比as更正式些。as 和 since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如： As you are tired, you had better rest./ Since everyone
19、is here, now let s begin.5、 although 和 though 引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别： although 用于各种文体，而though 则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由 although, though引导的从句后，主句不能用but ，但可用副词yet, still 。例如： Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working. （或 yet they went on working ）though常与even连用，even though表示强调，
20、意为 即使“，但不能说even although,例如： Even though I didn t understand a word, I dept smiling. though 可用作副词， 意为 “然而 ” ， 常用逗号与句子分开。 although 则不能这样使用，它只作连词。例如： It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.6、 once 作副词译 “曾经 ” ，作为连词译“一旦 ” ，引导条件状语从句。相当于 if 的加强形式。例如：I don t believe he was once a thief. （once里是副词）
21、/Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students. （once 连词 ）7、unless引导条件状语从句等于if not。例如：He ll accept the job unless the salary is too low. （ = He ll accept ltahreyjiosbniof thtoeoslaow.）8、在用as if 引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据
22、情况要使用虚拟语气。例如： He talks as if he knew all about it. 但有时也可用直陈语气。It looks as if it is going to rain.9、 whether, if 引导从句的用法区别：引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用whether,不用if。例如： Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known./The question is whether we can finish the task on time./The question whether we will tak
23、e part in the physics contest has not been decided. whether 可接不定式，而if 则不可。例如： I haven t decided whether to leave or not. whether 可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而if 则不可。例如： Everything depends on whether we have enough money./ Whether he will come, I am not sure. whether 和 if 均可引导宾语从句， whether 引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句， if 引导
24、的宾语从句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的(此时不能用 whether) ，例如： Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia?/ I wonder if it doesn t rain.引导宾语从句的 whether 和 if 常可与 or not 连用。 连用时要注意or not 的位置， 它一般与whether 、if 分开使用，有时它可与 whether 合起来使用，但不能与if 合起来使用。例如： I don t know whether/ if they will come or not./I don t
25、know whether or not they will come.if可用来引导条件状语从句，译如果，whether则不行。例如： If you work hard, you are sure to succeed.10、 as 作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。as引导时间状语从句，意为 当时”。例如： As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./ He sang as he worked.as引导方式状语从句，意为象一样。例如： We must do as the Party teaches u
26、s.as引导原因状语从句。意为由于，例如：As you are tired, you had better rest.as 引导让步状语从句。意为 虽然、尽管Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child,he can do it well.) 另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如： I have the same book as you. 连词 while 是高考一个命题的热点，你知道其考点主要涉及哪些方面吗？一、考查表示时间的用法，其意为“当的时候”。如：We must strike while the i
27、ron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。Stand still while I take your photograph. 我给你拍照时站着不要动。Have we got enough books to read while we are on holiday? 假期里我们有足够的书看吗 ?Were there any calls for me while I was out? 我出去的时候，有人来过电话吗?She hates anyone listening while she is telephoning. 她打电话时不愿让任何人听。二、考查表示让步的用法，其意为“尽管” “虽然” 。如：
28、While the work was difficult, it was interesting. 虽然工作有难度，但很有趣。While I understand what you say, I can t agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。三、考查表示对比的用法，其意为“而” “但” 。如：Some people waste food while others haven t enough. 一些人糟踏食物而另一些人却食不果腹。I went swimming while the others played tennis. 我去游泳，而其余的人则去打网球了。P
29、rices are rising sharply, while incomes are lagging far behind. 物价飞涨而收入却远远落后。注：这样用时， while 引出的句子通常位于末，但有时也可位于句首。如：While most children learn to read easily, some need extra help. 大多数儿童学会阅读很容易，有一些儿童却需要特别帮助。While Deauville is a holiday resort, Trouville is more of a working town. 特维尔是个度假胜地，而特鲁 维尔更多的却是个
30、工业城市。四、考查其省略用法，即主句与从句主语相同，且从句谓语动词含有动词 be 时，通常可省略从句主语和动词be。如：While (he was) in prison, she wrote her first novel. 她在狱中写出了第一部小说。He had strayed from home while still a boy. 他小时候就离开家到处流浪了。He fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework. 他做着做着功课就睡着了。I was only listening to the radio with half an ear, wh
31、ile (I was) preparing some food. 我正在做吃的东西， 没太留心听收音机。【考点实训】1. She just sits there reading her story book, I do all the work.A. until B. while C. because D. though2. Their economy has expanded enormously, ours, by contrast, has declined.A. while B. unless C. in case D. which3. Could you watch my bags
32、for me, I go to the toilet?A. though B. unless C. what D. while4. The professor is typing his own letters his secretary is ill.A. what B. which C. if D. while5. She said she was going to the shops and asked me whether I wanted anything she was out.A. though B. while C. which D. before6. Tea is the m
33、ost popular drink, coffee comes second.A. since B. until C. what D. while7. Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, those in the south are relatively poor.A. since B. before C. while D. because8. It is no accident that men fill most of the top jobs in nursing, women remain on the lowergrade
34、s.A. after B. since C. while D. which9. trying to open the can, I cut my hand.A. Though B. Because C. For D. While10. Some people prefer a vegetarian diet, others prefer a meat-based diet.A. though B. while C. which D. for11. He didn t ask me in; he kept me standing at the door he read the message.A
35、. while B. before C. after D. which12. Now s the time to buy a car, the interest rates are low.A. but B. which C. while D. until13. The couple took good care of the baby occupied by their work.A. while B. after C. which D. since14. How did you spend your time you were on holiday?A. although B. while
36、 C. which D. since15. Because Jane had once had a bad accident driving, she was afraid to try it again.A. though B. unless C. for D. while以上答案均是while )改错题1.连词(1) Im sorry, and I wont be able to come tonight.(2) He is not only a football player and also a famous writer.(3) What he said at the meeting
37、 was either important nor true.(4) You must get up early tomorrow, for I will go there alone.(5) Without both money or talent, science would progress slowly.(6) Though we got very tired, but we didnt stop working in the factory.(7) Where Peter goes, he is welcome.(8) Youll miss the train until you h
38、urry up.(9) If you are there or not doesnt matter much.(10)The book is interesting so it has many stories of adventure.(ll)You wont know the value of health after you lose it.(12)Our flight from Beijing to London was delayed because the heavy fog.(13)Read the text slowly so you may understand the st
39、ory better.(14)Do you know how Jane is getting on well with her classmates?(15)For you are free tonight, why not drop in and play chess with me?(16)It was already ten oclock that we got to the park yesterday morning.(17)We know nothing about the man besides that he is from London.(18) Teachers shoul
40、d have patience, so children would never learn anything.(19)My brother is in favour of playing football, when my sister insisted on swimming.(20)The reason why Michael has made such great progress is because he has never wasted his time.2.强调句(1) Where was it she found her lost necklace?(2) It is the
41、 people who is really powerful.(3) It were Tim and Jim who cleaned the room.(4) There is not everybody that can draw so well.(5) Bob hoped it would be him who would be invited.(6) It is at the gate where she will be waiting for me.(7) It was the first newspaper which was printed on a moving train.(8
42、) It was because the bus broke down on the way to the station we missed the train.(9) Is it Tom that you saw yesterday?(10) It was noon that we got to the small village.1 .连词(1) 答案： and 改为 but ， Im sorry ， but 是一个固定说法。(2) 答案： and 改为 but; not only but also ，固定搭配。答案：either 改为 neither, neither. . nor.,
43、 既不也不”。(4)答案： for 改为 or, 否则，符合句意。(5)答案： or 改为 and， both and 固定搭配。(6)答案： 去掉 but， though 不能跟 but 连用。(7)答案： Where 改为 Wherever ， Wherever 引导让步状语从句， “无论彼得到哪里” 。(8)答案：until改为unless, unless= if hot除非，如果不，符合句意。(9)答案：If改为Whether.在句首引导名词性从句，用 whether不用if.(10)答案：so改为because, because引导原因状语从句，符合句意。(ll)答案：after 改
44、为 until, not. until,直到才。(12)答案：because后加of. because of后加名词、代词作宾语。(13)答案：so后加that, so that引导目的状语从句。(14)答案：how 改为 that that 引导一个宾语从句，或去掉well ，由 how 引导宾语从句。(15)答案：For改为Since, for引导的并列分句不能放在句首。(16)答案：that改为when.这不是一个强调名型，it指时间；when引导一个时间状语从句。(17)答案：besides改为except, besides,除之外还有；except,除之夕卜。(18)答案：so 改为
45、or otherwise orotherwise ，否则。(19)答案：when 改为 while while 而，然而。(20)答案：because改为that. The reason is that., that引导表语从句，解释、说明 reason的内容。2 .强调句(1)答案：it后加that强调句式的特殊疑问句，疑问词+is/was it +that+句子其他部分。(2)答案：who is改为who are .本句强调的是主语 the people,谓语用复数(3)答案：were改为was.强调句式为It is/was+被强调部分，不管被强调部分在句中是什么成分， 也不管被强调部分的
46、单复数，句式一律是it was/ is+被强调部分。(4)答案：There改为It本句为强调句，其结构为his/was+被强调部分+that+句子其他部分。(5)答案： him 改为 he 强调句式强调的是主语，用主格。(6)答案：where改为that.强调句式中只能用that引导句子的其他部分；如果强调的是主语，指人，可以用 who 引导句子其他部分。(7)答案： which 改为 that 同上。(8) station 后 +that(9) Is - Was(10) at noon17练习 连词1. .He is very old,he still works very hard.A.but B.ifC.whenD.as2. you are dismissed.A.Neither you go norB. Either yougo orC. Whether yougo or D. Both you go and3. They had camped once before, they knew what to take.A. because B. nowC. soD. since4. Why these things happened was the driver had been careless.A. beca