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1、第二讲第二讲代词和介词代词和介词( (短短 语语) ) PartPart 真题变式体验 12017天津高考When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be_ trees that are over 1,000 years old. 答案：amongbe among “处于之中”， 符合语境。句意： 当你开车穿过加州的 红木森林时， 你将会置身于树龄超过1,000 年的古树中。 2 2017 北 京 高 考 Manypeoplewholivealongthecoastmakea living_fishing
2、 industry. 答案：in此处用介词 in, 意为“在方面”。make a living in fishing industry “在渔业方面谋生”。 3 2017 江 苏 高 考 Determining where we are in relation _ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival. 答案：toin relation to “关于，涉及”。句意：确定我们所处的与周围环境相关 的位置仍然是我们的一种基本的生存技能。 42016浙江高考That young man is honest, coop
3、erative, always there when you need his help. _ short, hes reliable. 答案：In固定搭配 in short “简言之”。 52016浙江高考The study suggests that the cultures we grow up _ influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us. 答案：in“we grow up _”为省略了关系代词which/that 的定语从句，修饰 先行词 the cultures，将先行词代入定语从句后为：we
4、 grow up in the cultures，故设 空处填介词 in。 62015福建高考The research group produced two reports based on the survey, 1 but_ contained any useful suggestions. 答案：neither此处应填代词作主语。根据题干中的two reports 和 but 可知，此处 表示“两个中的任何一个都不”，所以填neither。 72015陕西高考The little pupil took his grandma_ the arm and walked her across
5、the street. 答案：bytake sb. by the arm “抓住某人的胳膊”。 82015重庆高考The meeting will be held in September, but _ knows the date for sure. 答案：nobody根据结构可知，此处缺主语，结合语义及but, for sure 两个关键信息 可以确定答案是 nobody。 92016浙江高考In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from _ in the UK. 答案：that首先可以将原句理
6、解为：In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from the_education_system in the UK. 代替特指的同类异物的 单数名词用 that。 102015天津高考The quality of education in this small school is better than_ in some larger schools. 答案： that根据句式结构和语义可知， 此处代替的是前文出现的表示同类异物概念的 quality，为抽象名词，故用that。 Part 语篇真题演
7、练 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 2016全国卷In much of Asia, especially the socalled“rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, _61_ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks. Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal.
8、 Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might _62_ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal _63_ (create) special designs. The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked th
9、eir food in large pots, _64_ (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, _65_ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which _66_ (gradual) turned into chopsticks. Some people think that the gr
10、eat Chinese scholar Confucius, _67_ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC, influenced the _68_ (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and _69_ (be) too violent for use at the table. Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people
11、2 traditionally eat _70_ their hands. 61_62._63._64._ 65_66._67._68._ 69_70._ Step 1Step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。 本文是一篇说明文。讲述的是筷子的材质和中国使用筷子的悠久历史及文化内涵。 Step 2Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。 61 and考查并列连词。 分析句子结构及语境可知， Vietnam 与空前的“China,Japan, Korea”之间是并列关系。 62be_made考查动词的语态。此处指真正雅致的筷子可能是由金和银做成的。make 与句子主语 Truly elegant chop
12、sticks 之间是被动关系，空格前有情态动词 might，故填 be made。 63to_create考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处用to do 形式表目的。 64using考查非谓语动词。use 与句子主语 People 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故应 用现在分词作状语，表方式。 65as 或 when考查状语从句。此处表述随着人口的增长或当人口增长时人们开始把 食物切成小片。根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处用as 或 when 引导时间状语从句。 66gradually考查词性转换。修饰动词应用副词。 67who考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处在此引导非限制性定语 从句，
13、先行词为 Confucius(孔子)，指人，故用关系代词who。 68development考查词性转换。根据空格前的 the 及空格后的 of 可知，此处应填名 词。 69were考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句中的believed 及 would 可知，此处描 述的是过去的情况。从句主语为knives，谓语动词应用复数。 70with考查介词。此处指在印度大部分人用手吃饭。with “用，凭借”。 Step 3Step 3：代入验证。 需保证语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，这样才能确保万无一失。 考生在代词和介词的 (1)常见代词的基本 用法； (2)易混不定代 知识 清单 词的区别；(3)i
14、t 的 用法；(4)常见介词 (短语)的基本用法； (5)常见介词固定搭 配。 学情 分析 学习过程中存在的问 题如下： (1)对代词的基本功 能和用法掌握不扎 实；(2)在使用时，不 去判断所指代内容， 单凭语感解题；(3) 不能准确把握易混代 3 词的用法特点；(4) 混乱使用介词及介词 短语，不能切实掌握 常见介词的特点。 考点 1常见代词的基本用法 1 人称代词用来代替人或物，有人称、数和格的变化，其形式如下： 人称代词在句子中通常作主语和宾语。 2 物主代词：在句子中作定语修饰名词或代词的为形容词性物主代词；在句子中相当于 “形容词性物主代词n.n.”的为名词性物主代词，通常在句子中
15、作主语或宾语，如下表： 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 my mine our ours your yours his his her hers its its their theirs 注意：(1)形容词性物主代词只能用作定语，修饰名词，如：her father 她的父亲。 (2)“of(介词)名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)”构成双重所有格，如：a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一位朋友。 典题 12018山东济宁模拟“Hongbao”seems tobe on everyones lips these days. _ (it) origins are rooted i
16、n history. 答案Its由空格后面的名词，可判断此处应填形容词或形容词性的词，提示词为 代词，故应填形容词性物主代词its。 典题 22017安徽淮南模拟Scientists found five different basic ways of toothbrushing and decided all of _ _ were incorrect. 答案them介词后应填名词 /代词/v.ing，并结合语境可知，此处指代five different basic ways，且作宾语，故填 them。 3 3 指示代词： this,this, that,that, these,these,
17、 thosethose； 其中 this,this, thesethese 是时间或空间上的“近指”， 可与“here”“here”连用；that, thosethat, those 是时间或空间上的“远指”，可与“there”“there”连用 4 反身代词 4 (1)反身代词在句中可用作宾语、表语、同位语等。 You shouldnt leave the child by himselfhimself at home. 你不应把孩子独自留在家里。 I am not myselfmyself today. 我今天不舒服。 The thing itselfitself is not impor
18、tant. 事情本身并不重要。 (2)常见的一些含反身代词的固定搭配： by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自 enjoy oneself玩得愉快 behave oneself举止良好 seat oneself坐下来 devote oneself to投身于 come to oneself苏醒过来 dress oneself自己穿衣 help oneself to sth.自取，自用；随意吃/用某物 典题 32017辽宁沈阳二中模拟In 2003, Fabien created a Shark Submarine that enabled him to put _ (he) i
19、nside the Shark world. 答案himself根据空格的位置可知， 应填所给代词的相应形式作动词put 的宾语。 结合语境可知，此处意为“使得他能够将自己置身于鲨鱼世界”。故填he 的反身代词。 考点 2易混不定代词的区别 1one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, itone, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it 的区别 5 The train was crowded so we decided to catch a later oneone. 这趟火车太挤了，所以我们决定乘坐下一趟。
20、 His own experience was different from thatthat of his friends. 他自己的体验和朋友们的体验不同。 I love springitit is a wonderful time of the year. 我喜欢春天这是一年中一段美妙的时节。 The books on the desk are better than thosethose/the onesthe ones under the desk. 桌子上面的书比桌子下面的书要好。 典题 42018广东惠州模拟Once you get to work, you can afford
21、 to spend at least an hour working on big, important tasks rather than on all those little urgent _ (one) 答案ones此处空格的意义，指代前面的tasks，并且与 all those 呼应，代替可 数名词复数，故填 ones。 2the other, other, another, othersthe other, other, another, others 的区别 6 Recycling is one way to protect the environment；reusing is
22、anotheranother. 回收利用是保护环境的一种方法；而重复使用是另一种。 典题 52017广东十校检测I dont know whether the young man actually used the money for his breakfast or for _ purposes. 答案other根据语义可知，此空泛指用钱的其他目的， 且 purposes 为复数，故填 other。 典题 62017山西临汾三模A large number of people in our community keep small dogs, cats, and birds as pets,
23、 and still _ prefer to keep violent animals like tigers. 答案others空格与前面的 a large number of people 对比，指大量的人喜欢养 小狗，猫或者鸟之类的，而其他的人喜欢养像老虎这类的凶猛动物。others 泛指其他的人 们，故填 others。 3either, both, neither, all, none, anyeither, both, neither, all, none, any 的区别 7 Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him
24、, but neitherneither of them wants to, because they have work to do. 拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。 Ive lived in New York and Chicago, but dont like eithereither of them very much. 我在纽约和芝加哥生活过，但是我不喜欢它们中的任何一个。 典题 72018重庆南开中学诊断Many means had been tried but _ of them were good enough. 答案none根据空格
25、前的内容和连词but 可知， 该空应填为否定意义的代词。 根据 many means 可知，多种方法被尝试，因此填none。 典题 82017安庆一中模拟Did your mother have a professional career, or did she work at home? Actually, she did _. When we were young, she stayed at home.Later, she went back to school and became a teacher. 答案both根据空格后的内容可知，母亲两件事情都做过，故填both。 4none,
26、 no one4none, no one 与 nothingnothing 的区别 8 典题 9I knew that _ would ever discourage him; he would never give up wanting to be a director. 答案nothing根据下文他从未放弃可知，没什么能让他泄气，故填nothing。 典题 10My brother would like to buy a good watch but _ was available from that shop. 答案nonebut 为关键信息， 上文说买一块手表， but 后表示没有一块
27、， 故填 none。 考点 3itit 的用法 1itit 指代前面所提到过的事情、事物；身份不明的人或婴儿；未指明但谈话双方都明白 的事情或情况 The Parkers bought a new house butitit will need a lot of work before they can move in. 帕克一家买了一套新房子，但是在入住之前有大量的工作需要去做。(指代前面提到的 同一事物) 2itit 用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往 往由从句、动名词、不定式充当 New technologies make itit possible
28、 to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost. 新的科技使得在高效率低成本的前提下生产出新的产品成为可能。 As far as Im concerned,itit is no use arguing with him; he wont change his mind. 就我个人而言，同他争论没用，他不会改变主意。 3 3 表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词后面接 itit，构成固定结构，这类动词有 enjoy,enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciateprefer, love
29、, like, hate, dislike, appreciate 等 They would appreciate it,it, to be frank，if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible. 坦率地说，如果货物尽快被送到，他们会感激不尽。 4itit 用于强调句型及其他固定句式中 ItIt is on the farm where we worked togetherthatthat we got to know each other. 我们是在一起工作过的农场上相互认识的。 Laughter is the best medi
30、cineat least when it comes to protectingit comes to protecting your heart. 9 笑是最好的药，至少当涉及保护心脏的时候(是这样)。 5it5it 用来指代时间、 地点等； 也可用于意义表达不明确的语境中， 通常不指代内容， 如： get itget it(明白了)；make itmake it(成功了)；forget itforget it(算了吧)等结构中 典题 112017宁夏银川一中模拟Parents often find _ difficult to win their childrens trust and t
31、hey always forget how they themselves felt when young. 答案it分析句子结构可知，此处用it 作形式宾语，不定式为真正宾语。 考点 4介词及介词短语 1 高考常考介词(短语)用法归纳与辨析 10 典题 122017贵州遵义高级航天中学一模In Bulgaria, where I live, homeless dogs are everywhere but many people here turn a blind eye _them. 答案to此处表述流浪狗很多，但是很多人对此熟视无睹。turn a blind eye to “对熟视无睹，
32、视而不见”。故填to。 2 其他高考常考介词的用法 11 (1)介词 at 可表示动作、感情的原因，意思是“因而；听到/看到/想到 就”。 AtAt the boys remark, the book seller looked at him curiously. 听到男孩的那句话，卖书人好奇地看着他。 (2)“on/upon名词或动名词”结构可表示“一就”。 On/UponOn/Upon his arrival he went straight to the counter and spoke to the clerk in uniform behind it. 他一到就径直往柜台走去，并与
33、柜台后边穿制服的店员说话。 (3)to 与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”。 toto ones delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret 令某人愉悦/惊讶/恐惧/ 悲伤/高兴/遗憾的是 (4)with 的用法： 表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。 WithWith time passing, they have grown into big boys. 随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子了。 指原因或理由。 The small child trembled withwith fear. 小孩吓得打哆嗦。 (5)by 的用法： 表示
34、变化或差异的程度。 This one is shorter than that one byby three inches. 这一个比那一个短三英寸。 表示“按，以，论”的含义， 指买卖东西所用以计算的度量单位，或付酬所用以计算 的时间。 Milk is sold byby the pint, butter byby the pound, and eggs byby the dozen. 牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，蛋类论打卖。 表示“按照”或“根据”的意思。 ByBy my watch, the time is half past eleven. 按我的表，现在是十一点半。 (6)of 与抽象
35、名词连用，表示的意义相当于该名词对应的形容词。 ofgreat/much抽象名词very形容词；ofno抽象名词not形容词。 It is ofof great/much value.It is very valuable. 这个东西很贵重。 典题 132018山东潍坊一中期末_my delight, when my teacher raises a question, I know how to answer more often. 答案Toto ones delight “令某人高兴的是”。 3 介词搭配 12 13 14 You can change your job, you can
36、move hous e, but friendship is meant to be for lifefor life. 你可以换工作，可以搬家，但友谊却可以终生受用。 I have an appointment withhave an appointment with Dr Smith, but I need to change it. 我和史密斯医生有个约会，但我需要改一下。 ApartApart fromfrom good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes. 除了良好的服
37、务外，本饭店还提供不同种类的传统闽菜。 4 除以上介词短语外，还有以同一动词后跟不同介词(副词)表示不同意义的动词短语 典题 142017陕西咸阳模拟Nowadays, you should be more careful not to be taken _ by ads for slimming products. 答案in此处为动词与介词搭配的动词词组。 take in 意为“吸收；理解；欺骗”。 此处表述要小心不要被减肥产品的广告欺骗，作“欺骗”讲时，一般用被动形式。 典题 152018安徽六校联考Thanks _ Yuan Longping, he not only won the b
38、attle _ hunger, but he could also export his crops abroad. 答案to; against第一空为固定短语，thanks to 意为“多亏，由于”；第二空 表示“抵抗，对抗”的意思，因此填介词against。 15 NONO.1 解题步骤 1.首先分析句子结构，判断缺少的句子成分是什么。 2根据各个代词/介词的意义和用法的不同填写符合语境的答案。 NONO.2 解题技巧 1 当句子缺少主语或宾语时，填代词，要根据语境，判断该空格是指人还是指事物，是 男还是女，是单数还是复数。 2 空格在名词前，且与句子的某名词之间存在所属关系时，填形容词性
39、物主代词。 3 当空格后的名词或动名词不作主语、表语，也不作动词的宾语时，应为介词的宾语， 故填介词；此时，要根据搭配或句意的需要，如：动词与介词的搭配，介词与后面名词的搭 配等来确定具体填哪个介词。 典题 12018广东潮州模拟After I ignored my dads advice, I found _ losing almost every match at the international level. 答案myself此处表示“我发现自己”， 主语和宾语为同一人， 形成互指关系。 故填 myself。 典题 22017福建厦门联考A new research suggests
40、that teens who go along with their friends may end _ healthier as adults. 答案up根据句意可知，那些和朋友们关系相处比较好的青少年们往往长大成人 后，会更加地健康。end up “最终成为，最后处于”，故填up。end up 的用法除了后接介 词短语和v.ing 形式，还可接形容词。 1.在代词的学习过程中要做到以下两点： (1)熟练掌握代词的基本用法和重点难点； (2)明确指代内容，把指代的内容与考点有机地结合起来是解决代词问题的关键：代 词指代的是人还是物； 代词指代的是可数名词还是不可数名词； 代词指代的是单数概念
41、 还是复数概念(是两者，三者还是三者以上)；是特指还是泛指； 在句中代词是全部否定 还是部分否定。 2介词需在平时的学习过程中日积月累，并在使用时注意不同介词的使用特点。 建议用时：20 分钟 16 Part .单句语法填空 12018安徽安庆一中模拟 To her joy, Della first earned the trust of her students and then _ of her colleagues. 答案：that这里需要一个代词指代the trust, that 可以指代特指的可数名词单数或 不可数名词。句意：让她高兴的是，德拉首先赢得了学生的信任，然后是同事的信任。
42、 22018河北正定期末Many singles say the regular dating scene has led them from one bad experience to _ and are ready to try something else. 答案：another空格前为介词，应填名词或代词。结合语义可知，此处填 another， 表示泛指，意为“从一个不好的经历到另一个不好的经历。” 32017甘肃天水一中期末In fact, there were cases_ which the bride was beaten by her mother for not cryin
43、g at the wedding ceremony. 答案： in此处为“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。 从句中 which 指代的是先行词 cases。根据固定搭配 in the case 可确定，此处介词填 in。 42017重庆育才中学月考Before I got on the bike, I felt extremely nervous and I was afraid that I would fall off and hurt _ (me) 答案：myself本句中主语与宾语为同一人，形成互指，故使用反身代词作动词 hurt 的宾语，表示“弄伤了自己”。故答案为myself。 52
44、017河北衡水调研In Dubai, over the last four years, _ the help of the Consulate General of the Turkish Republic, we have organized four Successful Charity celebrations to mark April 23 Childrens Day. 答案：withwith the help of为固定短语，表示“在的帮助下”。 62017福建漳州模拟The staff turned the lights _ in therestaurant so as not
45、 to be noticed by the attackers. 答案：off根据语境可知，此处表示“把灯关掉”，故应填off。turn off “关闭， 关掉”。 72017天津模拟_ our arriving at the airport, we were given a warm welcome by the local people. 答案：Upon/Onupon/on名词/动名词表示 “一就”，相当于as soon as 。 82017江苏南通模拟The Belt and Road Initiative is viewed by many as a historymaking pro
46、ject,_applauded by the Chinese and those along the route as well. 答案：oneone 作 a historymaking project 的同位语，泛指一个创历史性的项目， 故填 one。句意： 一带一路的倡议被许多人看作是历史性的项目，受到不仅中国而且还有 那些沿路国家的交口称赞。 92017江苏徐州模拟 The address is on the envelope. I would appreciate _ if you could give me your earliest reply. 答案： itwould appre
47、ciate it if . 为固定句式， 意为“如果我将非常感激”。 此处 it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面if 引导的从句。故填 it。 102018湖南长沙模拟They carry out regular checks on milk products to make 17 sure that they are_high quality. 答案：of此处“be of抽象名词”是一个固定结构，表示“具有”。 Part .单句改错 12017驻马店模拟It is hoped that rules and regulations should be improved about the eho
48、ngbao system to guarante e their operation. _ 答案： theirits根据语境可知， 此处指代的是前面的单数概念的名词the ehongbao system，表示“确保电子红包的运行”，故将their 改为 its。 22017辽宁葫芦岛模拟Personally, we should not regard money as anything. Money is just a toy with which we can get what we need. _ 答案：anythingeverything根据语义可知，我们不应把金钱看作一切。 everything 强调整体，anything 强调个体，因此将 anything 改为 everything。 32017牡丹江一中检测I didnt li