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1、What is PlagiarismMany people think of plagiarism as copying anothers work, or borrowing someone elses original ideas. But terms like copying and borrowing can disguise the seriousness of the offense: According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to plagiarize means1. to steal and pass off (th
2、e ideas or words of another) as ones own 2. to use (anothers production) without crediting the source 3. to commit literary theft 4. to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone els
3、es work and lying about it afterward. But can words and ideas really be stolen?According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under
4、copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such as a book or a computer file). All of the following are considered plagiarism: turning in someone elses work as your own copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit failing to put a quotation in quotation marks gi
5、ving incorrect information about the source of a quotation changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on fair use rules) M
6、ost cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources. Simply acknowledging that certain material has been borrowed, and providing your audience with the information necessary to find that source, is usually enough to prevent plagiarism. See our section on citation for more information
7、on how to cite sources properly. Unintentional PlagiarismNo honest student would walk out of a neighbors house accidentally carrying their television. But even the most well-intentioned writers sometimes appropriate the work of others without proper authority. How does this happen? Citation Confusio
8、n Perhaps the most common reason for inadvertent plagiarism is simply an ignorance of the proper forms of citation. See our printable handout on how to cite sources properly. Plagiarism vs. Paraphrasing Many students have trouble knowing when they are paraphrasing and when they are plagiarizing. In
9、an effort to make their work seem more original by putting things in their own words, students may often inadvertently plagiarize by changing the original too much or, sometimes, not enough. Doing exercises in class where you hand out paraphrased and plagiarized passages in order to discuss the diff
10、erences might be very helpful. Explain that your students must retain the essential ideas of the original, but significantly change the style and grammatical structure to fit in the context of their argument. You may also want to send your students to our What is Plagiarism? Page. I was just copying
11、 my notes Students often mix their own ideas and those of their sources when they take sloppy notes, creating confusion when they begin writing their papers. It may be worthwhile to go over some note-taking methods with your students. Teaching them to document their sources using different colored p
12、ens and post-it tabs to mark pages, for example, will save time and keep references clear. I couldnt find the source Students are often sloppy about writing down the bibliographic information of their sources, leaving them unable to properly attribute information when it comes to writing the paper.
13、Explain how important it is to keep careful track of references during the note-taking stage. Students may be eager to focus entirely on the content of their research, and need to be told that how they handle their reference material is a significant part of the assignment. Having them turn in bibli
14、ographies before they turn in the paper itself will also encourage them to pay more attention to their sources. I thought we didnt have to quote facts Because the internet makes information so readily available, students may find it difficult to tell the difference between common knowledge they are
15、free to use, and original ideas which are the intellectual property of others. The easiest thing to do is teach your students the maxim When in doubt, cite sources. Confusion About Expectations Students may not be aware of what proper research requires. They may think they are being asked simply to
16、report critical commentary, or to borrow from a number of sources to show that they have done their homework. In either case, it becomes a problem if what they turn in tends to be predominantly the work of others. One of the most common sources of confusion is the ambiguity of terms such as analyze
17、and discuss. You should explain to your students that these words have specific meanings in academic discourse, and that they imply a degree of original thought that goes beyond mere reporting. Emphasizing your interest in their own ideas will also help them understand what you expect from them. Cul
18、tural Perspectives on PlagiarismNot all cultures take the same view of plagiarism. The Western notion that ideas can be the property of individuals may actually seem absurd to those with different views on what constitutes shared information or public discourse. Students from cultures which have a m
19、ore collective sense of identity, for example, may have a difficult time understanding the distinctions some cultures draw between individual and public property. You might spend some very productive class time discussing your students perspectives on this issue. Types of PlagiarismAnyone who has wr
20、itten or graded a paper knows that plagiarism is not always a black and white issue. The boundary between plagiarism and research is often unclear. Learning to recognize the various forms of plagiarism, especially the more ambiguous ones, is an important step towards effective prevention.Many people
21、 think of plagiarism as copying anothers work, or borrowing someone elses original ideas. But terms like copying and borrowing can disguise the seriousness of the offense: Sources Not CitedThe Ghost Writer The writer turns in anothers work, word-for-word, as his or her own. The Photocopy The writer
22、copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration. The Potluck Paper The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing. The Poor Disguis
23、e Although the writer has retained the essential content of the source, he or she has altered the papers appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases. The Labor of Laziness The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of
24、spending the same effort on original work. The Self-Stealer The writer borrows generously from his or her previous work, violating policies concerning the expectation of originality adopted by most academic institutions. Sources Cited (But Still Plagiarized)The Forgotten Footnote The writer mentions
25、 an authors name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. This often masks other forms of plagiarism by obscuring source locations. The Misinformer The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to
26、find them. The Too-Perfect Paraphrase The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it. Although attributing the basic ideas to the source, the writer is falsely claiming original presentation and interpretation of the
27、 information. The Resourceful Citer The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work! It is sometimes difficult to spot this form of plagiarism because it looks like any other well-researched document. The P
28、erfect Crime Well, we all know it doesnt exist. In this case, the writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation. This way, the writer tries to pass off the paraphrased material as his or her own analysis of the cited material.