《贸易术语选择时应注意的问题.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《贸易术语选择时应注意的问题.docx（9页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、贸易术语选择时应注意的问题众所周知，在对外贸易业务中用以确定交货条件所使用的贸易术语主要是装运港交货的FOB、CIF和CFR这三种。根据国际商会90年代末对40多个国家的调查统计，按使用的频繁程度，FOB排在第一位。由于采用FOB条件成交时，卖方在装运港交货后，不负责安排运输和保险，也就担心运价上涨的问题。而且在许多人中存在一种误解，即采用这三种常用术语成交，风险是完全相同的，都是以船舷为界转移风险，费用负担上也是羊毛出在羊身上，最后统归买房负担，只是责任上有所不同罢了。这种误解导致一些人在对外成交时忽略了对贸易术语的认真选择，最后造成意想不到的损失发生。其实，有关贸易术语的国际惯例2000通
2、则中所说的以船舷为界划分风险，只是用以确定货物在交接过程中损坏或灭失的后果由卖方还是买方承担的问题，而并不泛指所有的风险，特别是不涉及收汇的风险问题。事实证明，在我出口业务中，作为卖方根据交易的具体情况，慎重选择适当的贸易术语对于防范收汇风险，提高经济效益是十分必要的。以下谈谈在选择贸易术语时应注意的几个问题。一、总体来讲，在出口业务中采用CIF或CFR术语成交要比采用FOB有利。因为，在CIF条件下，国际货物买卖中涉及的三个合同(买卖合同、运输合同和保险合同)都由卖方作为其当事人，他可根据情况统筹安排备货、装运、投保等事项，保证作业流程上的相互衔接。另外，有利于发展本国的航运业和保险业，增加
3、服务贸易收入。当然，这也不是绝对的，应根据交易的商品的具体情况首先考虑自身安排运输有无困难，而且经济上是否合算等因素。二、如不得已采用FOB条件成交时，对于买方派船到港装货的时间应在合同中作出明确规定，以免卖方货已备好，船迟迟不到，贻误装期的事情发生三、对于FOB条件下，买方指定境外货代的情况应慎重考虑是否接受。最近以来屡屡发生买方与货代勾结，要求船方无单放货，造成卖方钱货两空的事情。另外，还有的货代只在装运口岸设个小小的办事处，并无实际办理装运的能力，回过来再通过我方有关机构办理，既增加了环节，降低了效率，又提高了费用。作为卖方应对买方指定的货代的资质情况有一定的了解，如认为不能接受，应及时
4、予以拒绝。四、选择贸易术语时还应与支付方式结合考虑。如采用货到付款或托收等商业信用的收款方式时，尽量避免采用FOB或CFR术语。因为这两种术语下，按照合同的规定，卖方没有办理货运保险的义务，而由买方根据情况自行办理。如果履约时行情对买方不利，买方拒绝接收货物，就有可能不办保险，这样一旦货物在途中出险就可能导致钱货两空。如不得已采用这两种术语成交，卖方应在当地投保卖方利益险。五、即使采用信用证支付时，也应注意对托运人的规定，特别是FOB条件下，有些国外买方常在信用证中要求卖方提交的提单要以买方作为托(Shipper)，这种做法也同样会给卖方带来收汇的风险。在国际贸易中曾发生过这样的事情：买卖双方
5、按FOB条件成交，合同规定以信用证支付。买方开来的信用证中规定卖方提交的提单要注明托运人为买方。卖方审证时发现这一问题。但认为与承运人订立运输合同的是买方，买方作为托运人也顺理成章，另外，为此再修改信用证又要增加费用开支和延误装期，所以，卖方就照办了。交货后提交的提单注明买方为托运人。但结汇时因单证有不符点，被银行拒付并退单。而货物在运输途中，买方以提单的托运人的名义指示承运人将货物交给他指定的收货人。这样一来，卖方虽控制着作为物权凭证的提单，然而货物却已被买方指定的收货人提走。卖方向法院起诉承运人无单放货，被法院以无权起诉为由予以驳回。由此可见，在FOB合同下，以卖方还是买方作为托运人并非无
6、足轻重的事情。按照汉堡规则的解释，托运人有两种，一种是与承运人签定海上运输合同的人，另一种是将货物交给与海上货物运输有关的承运人的人。根据上述解释，FOB合同下，买方或卖方均符合作为托运人的条件。如果买方资信好，又有转售在途货物的要求，以买方作为托运人未尝不可。但如果不是这样，从安全起见，还是以卖方作为托运人为好。Export ProcedureExport process is foreign trade export personnel in the export work in a series of activities orderly combination. It includes
7、 quotation, order, payment, packaging, and customs clearance formalities and ready for shipment and other activities.1.quoted priceIn international trade in general is the product of the inquiry, quotation as the beginning of the trade. Among them, for the price of export products mainly include: th
8、e grade of quality, the product specification, whether does the product have special packaging requirements, for the amount of products, delivery requirements, how much the mode of transportation of the products, the material of products, etc. More commonly used quotation have EXW ex factory, FOB FO
9、B, CNF/CFR cost and freight, CIF cost, insurance and freight and other forms.2. Order (signing)Trade both sides to offer reached intent, the buyer enterprise formal order and some related matters and the seller consultation enterprise, by both parties through consultation, need to sign the purchase
10、contract. In sign purchase contract process, mainly to the name of the commodity, specifications, quantity, price, packing, producing area, time of shipment, terms of payment and settlement way, claims, arbitration, and discuss the content, and will be an agreement after talks to purchase contract.
11、This marked the start of the export business. Usually, the purchase contract signed two copies of this company seal covered by both parties take effect, both sides save a copy.3. paymentMore commonly used international payment have three kinds, namely the l/c payment, TT payment and payment directly
12、4. preparationIn the whole process of trade ready, play a very important position, the contract shall be in accordance with one by one to implement. The main content of ready to check the following: 1)the quality of the merchandise, specifications, should be in accordance with the contract verificat
13、ion. 2)the quantity of goods: ensure that meet the contract or to the requirements of the l/c number. 3)preparation time: should be based on the provisions of l/c, combined with the arrangement, so as to facilitate the ship goods cohesion.5.packagingYou can according to the different, to choose the
14、packaging forms (such as: cartons, wood, woven bag, etc.). The different packing form the packing is also different. 1)general export packing standard: according to the export trade of the standard of general packaging.2)special export packing standard: according to the special requirements of custo
15、mers forexport goods packaging.3)and the packing of the goods and shipping mark (transportation marks) : should be to check that, with the provisions of the l/c.6. clearance proceduresCustoms clearance formalities is extremely complicated and very important, such as not smooth customs clearance cann
16、ot complete the transaction.1)are the legal for export commodities shall do export commodities inspection certificate.2)must hold the customs declaration certificate by the professional personnel, the packing list and invoice, customs declaration of attorney, export settlement sheet of cancel after
17、verification, export goods a copy of the contract, export commodities inspection certificate of text to the customs offices for handling the formalities of customs clearance.7.shipmentIn the process of loading the goods, you can according to how many of the goods to determine shipping way, and accor
18、ding to the purchase contract set by the danger is planted to protect. Can choose:1)Get ready to container2)Assembled container8 .Transportation insuranceUsually in both parties sign the purchase contract has the predetermined transportation insurance related matters. Common insurance have Marine ca
19、rgo transportation insurance, land be goods transportation insurance, etc. Among them, the ocean Marine cargo clauses of the covered risks, divided into basic risks and additional risks dont two kinds.9. bill of ladingThe bill of lading exporters is handled the export of customs, the customs after t
20、heir release, the checkout, for the sinotrans importer, the settlement of exchange goods used documents. Sign the bill of lading according to requirement of the credit that share issue, general is three copies. Exporters leave two, for tax refund and other business, sent a copy to deal with formalit
21、ies of the goods. For shipping of goods, the importer must ChiZheng this bill of lading, invoice, packing list to extract the goods. (must be original bill of lading exporters will, packing list and invoice to the importer.) If air cargo, it can be directly with the bill of lading, invoice, packing
22、list fax copy of goods to extract.10. Settlement of exchangeAfter the goods are shipped export, import and export company in accordance with the provisions of the l/c should be namely, prepared by the correct (packing list and invoice, bill of lading, export certificate of origin, export settlement
23、of exchange), and other documents. In the provisions of the l/c p period of efficacy, submit a bank to deal with the formalities of foreign exchange settlement.In addition to the settlement of exchange by l/c and other payment remittance way generally have T/T (TELEGRAPHIC TRANSFER (T/T), D (DEMAND DRAFT (D/D), M/T (MAIL TRANSFER (M/T) wait for means, due to the high speed development of e-government, and now the remittance mainly use TELEGRAPHIC TRANSFER money. (in China, enterprise exports enjoy preferential policies of the export tax rebate)