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1、名词解释1. linguistic: the scientific study of language.2. langue: the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.3. competence: the ideal users knowledge of the rules.4. morpheme: the minimal units of meaning5. syntax: a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that
2、govern the formation of sentences6. semantics: the study of meaning7. pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.8. register: the variety of language related to ones occupation9. language acquisition: a childs acquisition of his mother tongue
3、10. interlanguage: learners independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation for one extreme of his native language to the other of the second language.简答题1. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachro
4、nic? Why?In modern linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. It is believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successful studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historic
5、al development. Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language in its current existence, and most linguistic studies are of this type.2. What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the
6、collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have
7、different references in different situations. On the other hand, there are also occasions when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.3. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance? Give an example.The three acts are
8、locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.For example, the sentence “You have left the door wide open.”The locutionary act: expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act: by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e asking someone to c
9、lose the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act: the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speakers message, i.e. he understands that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, and thus closes the door, the speaker has successfully brought about
10、the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.4. What are the major types of synonyms in English?1) Dialectal synonymssynonyms used in different regional dialects autumn-fall petrol-gas torch-flashlight underground-subway2) Stylistic synonymss
11、ynonyms differing in styledaddy, dad, father3) Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningcollaborator-accomplice4) Collocational synonymswe can use accuse, charge, rebuke, but they are followed by different prepositionsaccuseof, chargewith, rebukefor.5) Semantically different synony
12、msamaze-astound5. What are the five design features of language specified by C. Hockett to show that human language is essentially different from any animal communication system?1) ArbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different soun
13、ds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Productivity is unique to human language.3) DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two s
14、ets of structures, or two levels:the sound level and the grammatical level 4) DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5) Cultural transmissionIt is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than
15、by instinct.6. What are the four major views concerning the study of meaning?The naming theory is proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.The c
16、onceptualist view has held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustr
17、ated by the classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance suggested by Ogden and Richards.Contextualism holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, contextelements closely linked with language behavior. A representative of this approach was J.R Firth, the leading British
18、 linguist of the period.Behaviorism is proposed by Bloomfield. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory is linked with psychological interest. The view of meaning propo
19、sed by Bloomfield is illustrated by his story about Jack and Jill.7. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle (CP)? List their names and explain them briefly.The maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required2. Do not make your contribution more informative than i
20、s requiredThe maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidenceThe maxim of relationBe relevantThe maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression2. Avoid ambiguity3. Be brief4. Be orderly8. What is the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)
21、concerning language acquisition?Eric Lenneberg, a biologist, argued that the LAD, like other biological functions, works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right timea specific and limited time period for language acquisitionwhich is referred to as the Critical Period Hypothesis.9. How a
22、re sentence meaning and utterance meaning related and how do they differ?While the meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, that of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning
23、 of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.10. What are the six sense relations between sentences?1) X is synonymous with Y.X: He was a bachelor all his life Y: He never married all his life2) X is inconsistent with Y.X: John is married Y: John is a bachelor3) X entails Y. X: John married a blond heiress Y: John married a blond4) X presupposes Y.X: Johns bike needs repairing Y: John has a bike5) X is a contradictionMy unmarried sister is married to a bachelor6) X is semantically anomalousThe table has bad intentions.