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1、Summary特刊语言学第二章总结编辑：孙波 任冲 校对：汪燕华老师 康亮亮一、Phonetics 语音学1、definition：Studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. 研究语音是如何产生，传递和感知。2、 Articulatory Phonetics、Acoustic Phonetics、Perceptual Phonetics 发音语言学、声学语言学、感知语言学3、二、Phonology 音系学the study of the sound patterns and sound systems
2、languages研究语音模式和语音系统三、Voiceless & Voiced Sounds 清音和浊音1、Voiceless sounds：The sounds produced without causing vibration of the vocal cords. 在发音过程中，发音时声带不振动。2、Voiced sounds：The sounds produced with causing vibration of the vocal cords. 在发音过程中，发音时声带振动。四、Consonants & vowels 辅音和元音1、Consonants：sounds produ
3、ced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞所发出的音。2、Vowels：sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
4、发音时，声道不受到任何压缩或阻碍，因此不会有气流的紊乱或停滞所发出的音。五、Coarticulation & Phonetic Transcriptions 协同发音与语音转写1、Coarticulation: the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors, including anticipatory coarticulation and preservative coarticulation.协同发音指在实际话语过程中话语持
5、续受邻近音影响，发生同时或重合发音的过程，分前期协同发音和后滞协同发音。2、Phonetic Transcriptions 语音转写 (1)、Narrow transcription: we try to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including even the minutest shades of pronunciation.当我们用复杂的符号精确地标记语音所有可能的细小变化时，称之为严式转写。(2)、Broad transcription: we use a set of simple symbols in our trans
6、cription, trying to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.当我们用一套简单的符号记音，试图把一个词与其他的词区别开来时，称之为宽式转写。六、Phonemes & Allophones 音位与音位变体1、Phoneme: a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can dist
7、inguish meaning.音位是音系学研究的一个基本单位，是一组语音特征的抽象集合体，具有区别意义的作用。2、Allophones: the different realizations of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments. 同一个音位在不同语言环境中的实现方式称为该音位的音位变体。七、Assimilation 同化The process one sound to another by coping a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two pho
8、ne similar, which including progressive assimilation and regressive assimilation. 一个音具有了邻近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程，包括顺同化和逆同化。八、Suprasegmentals 超音段特征 1、Suprasegmental features 超音段特征The features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meanings are calling suprasegmental features, which
9、include syllable, stress, intonation and tone. 指的是大于切分层面上的，能够区别意义的特征，主要包括音阶、重音、声调和语调。2、The Syllable Structure 音节结构Syllable: A unit in speech which is often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word. 音节语音往往超过一个声音和更小的单位。3、Stress 重音 refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.重
10、音是指在音节发音时所用的力度。4、Intonation 语调Intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varying length. 语调涉及重复出现的升降模式，每个模式都应用于一套相对一致的意义，要么以词为单位，要么以各种长度的词群为单位。5、Tone 语调Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords.声调是指声带振动的频率不同引起的音高变化。不足之处，敬请指瑕。参考书目：胡壮麟语言学教程笔记与考研真题详解 中国石化出版社（大家有需要可买此书参考）