框架结构外文翻译分析.docx

《框架结构外文翻译分析.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《框架结构外文翻译分析.docx（15页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。

1、南京工程学院毕业设计外文资料翻译学生姓名： 顾建祥学 号： 240095319班级名称：K建工ZB093所在院系：康尼学院The rapid growth of world civilization will have a significant impact on the way humans live in the future. As the global population increases and more countries demand a higher standard of living, the difficulty of doing this is compounde

2、d by three broad trends： the conversion of agricultural land to development uses; the increasing urbanization of the world s population; and growing concern for the maintenance and improvement of the environment, especially regarding global warming and the impact of population growth. Underground sp

3、ace utilization, as this chapter describes, offers opportunities for helping address these trends.By moving certain facilities and function underground, surface land in urban areas can be used more effectively , thus freeing space for agricultural and recreational purpose. Similarly, the use of terr

4、aced earth sheltered housing. Using underground space also enables humans to live more comfortably in densely populated areas while improving the quality of live.On an urban or local level, the use of underground facilities is rising to accommodate the complex demands of today s society while improv

5、ing the environment . For example, both urban and rural areas are requiring improved transportation, utility, and recreational services. The state of traffic congestion in many urban areas of the world is at a critical level for the support of basic human living, and it is difficult if not impossibl

6、e to add new infrastructure at ground level without causing an unacceptable deterioration of the surface environment or an unacceptable relocation of existing land uses and neighborhoods.On a national level in countries around the world, global trends are causing the creation and extension of mining

7、 developments and oil or gas recovery at greater depths and in more inaccessible or sensitive locations. Three trends have also led to the developments of improved designs for energy generation and storage systems as well as national facilities for dealing with hazardous waste (including chemical, b

8、iological, and radioactive waste ), and improved high-speed national transportation systems . All these developments involve use of the underground .Land Use PressuresPlacing facilities underground is a promising method for helping ease land use pressures caused by the growth and urbanization of the

9、 world s population. Although the average population density in the world is not large, the distribution of population is very uneven. A map of population density in the world is not large , areas of the world are essentially uninhabited . These areas are for the most part deserts , mountainous regi

10、ons, or regions of severe cold that do not easily support human habitation.If one examines China , for example , the average population density is approximately 100 persons per square kilometer, but the vat majority of the one billion-plus population lives on less than 20 percent of the land area, t

11、his is the fertile land that can support food production. However, due to population growth, urbanization, and economic growth, this same land must now support extensive transportation systems, industrial and commercial development, and increasing demands for housing, As the population and economy g

12、row, the land available for agriculture shrinks, and the problems of transporting food and raw materials to an urban population increase. By the year 2000 it is estimated that 70 percent of the world s population will inhabit urban areas.The same trend are evident in Japan, where approximately 80 pe

13、rcent of the land area is mountainous, 90 percent of the population lives on the coastal plains, and economic development is concentrated in relatively few economic development is concentrated in relatively few economic centers . The flat-lying land is generally the most fertile and is historically

14、the region of settlement . Other factors adding to population density include the traditional building style , which is low-rise , and Japanese law that contain strong provisions for maintenance of access to sunlight . Also , to retain domestic food production capability , the Japanese government ha

15、s protected agricultural land from development. The combination of these historical and political factors together with a strong migration of businesses and individuals to the economic centers has created enormous land use pressure. The result is an astronomically high cost of land in city centers (

16、as high as US $500,00 per square meter) and difficulty in an providing housing, transportation, and utility services for the population. Typical business employees cannot afford to live near the city center where they work and may have to commute one to two hours each way from an affordable area. To

17、 service the expanding metropolitan area, public agencies must upgrade roads and build new transit lines and utilizes. Land costs for such work are so high that in central Tokyo, the cost of land may represent over 95 percent of the total cost of a project.The problem of land use pressures and relat

18、ed economic effects of high land prices are of great interest in the study of the potential uses of underground space. When surface space is fully utilized, underground space becomes one of the few development zones available. It offers the possibility of the adding needed facilities without further

19、 degrading the surface environment. Without high land prices, however, the generally higher cost of constructing facilities underground is a significant deterrent to their size, and costs of facilities that can be constructed, but the knowledge of a region s can only be inferred from a limited numbe

20、r of site investigation borings and previous records. Large underground projects may require massive investments with relatively high risks of construction problem, delay, and cost overruns. Traditional planning techniques have focused on two-dimensional representations of regions and urban areas .

21、This is generally adequate for surface and aboveground construction but it is not adequate for the complex three-dimensional geology and built structures often found underground . Representation of this three-dimensional information in a form that can readily be interpreted for planning and evaluati

22、on is very difficult.In Tokyo, for example, the first subway line (Ginza Line) was installed as a shallow line (10 meters deep) immediately beneath the existing layer of surface utilities. As more subway lines have been added, uncluttered zones can only be found at the deeper underground levels. The

23、 new Keiyo JR line in Tokyo is 40 meter deep. A new underground super highway from Marunouchi to Shinjuku has been proposed at a 50-meter depth.For comparison, the deepest installations in London are at approximately a 70-meter depth although the main complex ofworks and sewers is at less than 25 ne

24、ters. Compounding these issues of increasing demand is the fact newer transportation services (such as the Japanese Shinkansen bullet trains or the French TGV) ofen require larger cross-section tunnels, straighter alignments, and flatter grades. If space is not reserved for this type of use, very in

25、efficient layouts of the beneath urban areas can occur.Environmental BenefitsAnother major trigger for under ground space usage is the growing international concern over the environment, which has led to attempts to rethink the future of urban and industrial development. The major concerns in balanc

26、ing economic development versus environmental degradation and world natural resource limitations revolve around several key issues. These are: The increasing consumption of energy compared to the limited reserves of fossil fuels available to meet future demand. The effect on the global climate of bu

27、rning fossil fuels. The pollution of the environment from the by-products of industrial development The safe disposal of hazardous wastes generated by industrial and military activites.Preserving the environment from the by-products of industrial development economic growth and maintaining individua

28、l life styles will be complex if not impossible. However, a high standard of living and high gross domestic product do not have to be proportionately dependent on resource consumption and environmental degradation.Underground space utilization can help solve the env i ronment a1/r e source dilemma i

29、n several ways . Underground facilities are typically energy conserving in their own right. More importantly, by using addition to the obvious benefit of preserving green space and agricultural land, there is strong evidence that higher urban density can lower fuel resource consumptionThe Future of

30、Underground Space DevelopmentAlthough existing underground facilities throughout the world provide some models for future development, they are all limited in scale, in their lack of a comprehensive vision for the total city environment. As a complement to more detailed planning and research studies

31、, it is useful to examine the visions of extensive underground complexes, even entire cities, that have been proposed by futuristic planners and designers.Geotech 90, a conference and exhibition held in Tokyo in April 1990, was a major forum for the underground industry in Japan. More than a dozen u

32、nderground concepts were displayed, ranging from the typical transit and utility uses to underground corridors that are envisioned as places for a communication network protected during disasters. Such corridors could also effectively transport both waste and energy between substations in the city a

33、nd central generation and disposal sites outside the city. This approach not only relieves congestion but also can provide more efficient energy generation and recycling of waste materials. These concepts are all intended to permit a major upgrade of the city infrastructure that will eventually enab

34、le the surface to be rebuilt with more open space and a more efficient, attractive overall environment.When completely new cities are envisioned for the future, the underground often is a major component, as illustrated by the work of the architect Paolo Soleri over the last 30 years. In science fic

35、tion future cities often are depicted as self-contained, climate-controlled units frequently located underground for protection from the elements and possibly from a hazardous or polluted environment. In this case, underground cities on earth differ little from bases created on the moon or other iso

36、lated environments.地下空间利用全球城市化进程加快将会对人类将来生存方式产生重大影响。随着全 球人口增长以及更多国家要求提高生活水平，世界必须提供更多食物，能 源以及矿物资源来维持此增长趋势。解决这一难题办法有三大渠道复合而 成：农业用地保护从而得到更深入利用；口益增长全球城市人口；对保护 和改善环境口益增长关注，特别是关于全球气候变暖以及人口增长带来影 响。地下空间利用，作为本章要描述内容，将提供针对这些趋势解决办法。通过将特殊器材设备置于地下，城市地表可被更有效地利用，这样就 可释放出空间供农业和娱乐使用。类似，在陡峭山坡上使用阶地掩土住宅 会有助于在多山地区保护宝贵可耕

37、平地。利用地下空间也可以提高人们在 人口高密集去居住舒适度，改善生活质量。一城市或当地水准，地下设施利用正日益满足当今社会对于改善环境 需求。例如不论城市还是农村都需要提高运输，实用以及娱乐服务。世界 上许多城市交通堵塞问题已经处在满足人类基本生存需求临界点上，并且 在不破坏地表环境基础上不增加新设施或是不重新规划现有土地及周边 地带上建筑基础上想要解决这一难题是十分困难。以世界上许多国家国家水平，全球化趋势导致对煤炭，石油，天然气 开采已达到更深地层以下，触及更难以让人接受或是更敏感区域。这些趋 势同样导致针对能源繁衍存贮系统以及用于处理危险废料（包括化学，生 物以及放射性废料）国家设施设计

38、改善和提高，同样也改善了国家高速运 输体系。所有这些发展均涉及地下工程。用地压力将设施置于地下是缓解由于世界人口增长所带来城市化问题一种有希 望办法。虽然世界平均人口密度并不大，但人口分布却极不均匀。世界人 口密度图显示世界上大部分地方根本不适合居住。这些大方大部分是沙漠 山区，或是极度严寒地带等人类不易居住区。以中国为例，平均人口密度大概是每平方公里100人，但是10亿多绝 大部分人口居住在少于20%国土上。这是那些可以提供粮食产品肥沃土地。 然而，由于人口增长和城市化，这些土地同样要被用于创建更广阔运输系 统，被用于工商业发展，以及口益增长住房需求。随着人口和经济增长， 农业用地减少，向城

39、市人口运送食物和原材料问题日益增长。据估计，到2000年，世界人口 70%将居住在城市。同样问题在日本也很明显，大约80%土地是山区，90%人口居住在海边 平原经济发展集中在几个相关经济中心。平原通常是最肥沃土地，从历史 上看也是人类定居地。其他附加于人口密度因素包括：传统低层建筑模式, 而且日本法律规定必须建造靠近阳光坚固维护设施。同样，为了保护家庭 粮食生产能力，日本政府保护农业用地。这些历史，政策因素导致大量商 业，个人向经济中心移民造成了巨大土地使用压力。结果是市中心土地价 格惊人昂贵（高达50万美圆/平米）并且很难为人们提供住房，交通，设 施服务。普通公司雇员无法承担住在他们工作市中

40、心附近而不得不搭乘公 汽单程花1.2个小时从他们负担起住处到公司。为了为日益扩大大城市区 域提供服务，市政当局必须升级道路并且兴建新交通线和设施。东京市中 心土地价格如此昂贵以至于用于购买土地花费可能会占到工程总花费 95% o土地使用压力和由于高土地使用价格带来相关经济影响使得对地下空 间潜在利用研究变得相当有趣。当地表土地已被利用殆尽，地下空间将变 成可开发区域之一。这为不需深度破坏地表环境而附加需要设备提供了一 种可能。虽然没有高额地价，但是建造地下设施高额花费将是地下空间利 用一大拦路虎。因为地下设施不具有经济竞争力，因此在考虑建造前必须 在美学，环境或者是社会效应方面给予综合评估，除

41、非是一些有特殊标志 性意义设施否则将会造成现阶段国家无法承担或是很勉强承担奢侈浪费。地下空间规划对地下空间利用有效规划是发展地下设施前奏。这个计划必须是为长 远考虑，并根据人们理想工作和居住环境重构城市建筑格局。如果地下空 间开发可以提供最具价值长期效益，那么对这些资源有效计划就应得以实 施。不幸是，在世界范围内，靠公众权力来开发近地表空间已经太迟了。紊乱设施网络司空见惯归咎于缺乏协调以及使用设施历史性变革以及交 通系统发展。地下空间具有如此特征导致要做一个好规则需要特别注意一些问题1. 一旦开始地下开挖，土地将被永久改变。地下建筑不象表面建筑那样容易拆掉。2. 开挖一片地下空间需要一大片土地

42、作为开挖加固区。3. 土地地理构成极大地影响了地下设施种类，形式以及开销。但现有关于地表建筑知识仅有很有限内容及此相关，因此需要查阅钻探资料 和以前记录。4. 大型地下工程需要大量调查，涉及更大建造问题，工期拖延以及预算超支等风险。5. 传统规则技术主要侧重于对于城市地形区域二维描述。这基本上仅适合地表及上部结构但并不适合建造在处于复杂三维地理环境中地 下结构。用同一种模式来描述这种三维信息并立刻反映到规则评估中是件 非常困难事例如，在东京，第一条地铁（Ginza线）是在现存地表层设施下作为 一个影子工程线路（10m深）建成。随着填加更多地铁线，在更深土层中 才会发现比较规整区域。在东京，新K

43、eiyoJR线深达40mo 一条从Marunouchi到Shinjuku高速干线已被设计到50m深。作为比较在伦敦最 深设施大约70m深，其主要复杂部分以及排水设施至少超过25m综合口益 增长需要，有一个事实就是这类新型运输服务（例如日本新干线子弹头列 车或是法国TGV）通常需要大量交叉隧道，笔直队列以及平坦性。如果地 下空间不是此类用途，那么城市下面将会产生非常无效率布局。环境利益另一个利用地下空间主要策略是全球口益增长对环境问题关注，并导 致人们重新考虑城市将来和工业发展。在关注维持生态平衡和环境恶化以 及全球有限自然资源要考虑以下几个问题：1. 日益增长能源消费量相对于满足将来需求有限矿

44、物燃料贮备2. 由于燃烧矿物燃料对全球气候带来影响3. 工业副产品对环境污染4. 对于工业生产及军事演习产生危险废物安全处置在提高经济增长保持工业模式同时保护环境，延长地球上资源寿命即 使不是一个不可能问题也是一个很复杂问题。无论如何，高生活标准和高 国内生产总值（GDP）不需要和资源消耗和环境恶化程度成比例。地下空间利用能从几种途径解决环境/资源窘境。地下设施以其自身特 点成为一种典型储能设施。更重要是，通过地下空间利用，城市人口密度 会提高但对环境影响会减少。相对于保护绿地及耕地等明显好处，附加于 此好处是有充分证据显示高城市密度可以减少矿物燃料消耗。将来地下空间发展虽然在全世界范围内现有

45、地下设施为将来地下空间发展提供了一些范 例，但他们都在尺寸上，用途上或者对于城市整体环境缺乏考虑。作为更 佳细致规划和研究补充，未来规划者和设计者已提出对大范围地下结构甚 至从整个城市角度综合考核，将是非常有用。90年代地理个1990年4月在日本举行研讨博览会，主要是一 个关于日本地下工业情况论坛。一大堆关于地下概念展示出来一一从典型 运输使用设施到展望中用于灾难时刻保护通讯网络地下走廊。这类走廊对 于在城市地铁站和中心生产去附近以及市区外安置地点间运送废弃物和 能源也十分有效。这一点不仅缓解了堵塞而且提供了更加有效能源衍生和 废物循环。这些概念都是针对城市建筑升级，将最终导致地表形成更开阔 空间以及更高效更吸引人全局环境。当展望将来城市建设时，地下建筑会成为主要因素一一这是建筑师 Paolo Soleri在过去30年幻想杰作。在科幻小说里，未来城市常被描绘 成自我供养，气候可控制单位，且常常位于地下以避免来自危险或环境污 染等因素侵袭。在这种情况下，地球上地下城市略不同于以月球或其他孤 立环境为基础创建城市。