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1、 09高考英语形容词和副词基础语法讲解及对应练习:(1) 4. 形容词和副词 4.1 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot。 2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。 (错) He is an ill man. (对) The man is ill. (错)
2、 She is an afraid girl. (对) The girl is afraid. 这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。 3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:something nice. 4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词 1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。 改错: (
3、错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如: The Times is a weekly paper. 时代周刊为周刊。 The Times is published weekly. 时代周刊每周发行一期。 4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体 1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛
4、指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。例如: The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。 2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如the British,the English,the French,the Chinese等。例如: The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。 4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词-数词-
5、描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)-出处-材料性质-类别-名词。例如: a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题: 1) Tony is going camping with _ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two 答案:C
6、。由限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -性质-名词的顺序可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。 2) One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。 3) - How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
7、- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the _days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词,如those + thr
8、ee + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table。 4.5 副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。 一、副词的位置 1) 在动词之前。 2) 在be动词、助动词之后。 3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 注意: a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如: We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。 b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例
9、如: He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。 二、副词的排列顺序: 1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。 2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如: Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些 3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。 注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 改错:(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much. 注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名
10、词前后都可。例如: I dont know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。 There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。 There is food enough for everyone to eat. 4.6 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close与closely close意思是近;closely 意思是仔细地。例如: He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。 Watch him closely. 盯着他。 2) late 与lately late意思是晚;lately 意思是最近。
11、例如: You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。 What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗? 3) deep与deeply deep意思是深,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地。例如: He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。 Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。 4) high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如: The plane was fl
12、ying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。 I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。 5) wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是广泛地,在许多地方。例如: He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。 English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。 6) free与freely free的意思是免费;freely 的意思是无限制地。例如: You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时
13、候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。 You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。 4.7 形容词与副词的比较级 大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1) 规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall taller tallest 以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-
14、st nice nicer nicest 以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est big bigger biggest 以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est busy busier busiest 少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est clever/narrow cleverer/ narrower cleverest/ narrowest 其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级 important/ easily more important/ more easily most
15、important/ most easily 2) 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good better best well(健康的) worse worst bad ill(有病的) old older/elder oldest/eldest much/many more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 4.8. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so as。例如: He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。 2)当as as 中间
16、有名词时采用以下格式:as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如: This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。 I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸,我也能。 3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如: This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。 Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。 4)倍数+
17、 as + adj. + as 倍数+ the + of。例如: This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。 This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。 Your room is twice the size of mine. 4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如: You are taller than I. 你比我高。 They lights i
18、n your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。 注意: 1)要避免重复使用比较级。 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is more clever than his brother. (对) He is clever than his brother. 2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错) China is larger than any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other countri
19、es in Asia. 3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。 比较:Which is larger, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the ta
20、ller of the two sisters. 4.10 可修饰比较级的词 1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。 2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。 3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。 典型例题: 1)- Are you feeling _? - Yes,Im fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 答案
21、:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better. 2)The experiment was_ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much 答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。 3)If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C
22、. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案:D。 4.11 many, old 和 far 1) 如果后接名词时,much more +不可数名词,many more +可数名词复数。 2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如: My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师。 Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。 3) far 有
23、两种比较级,farther,further。一般father 表示距离,further表示进一步。例如: I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围 1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。例如： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示非常。例如： It is a most important problem. =It is a very import
24、ant problem. 这是个很重要的问题。 注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 （错）Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. （对）Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如： This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。 注意： a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。 This is the very best. This
25、 is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如： Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。 3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。 Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 4） 否定词语+比较级，否定词语+ so as结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如： Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这
26、更简单的了。 =Nothing is easier than this. =This is the easiest thing. 4.13 和more有关的词组， 1） the morethe more越就越。例如： The harder you work，the greater progress youll make. 越努力，进步越大。 2） more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如： He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。 3） no more than 与一样，不比多。例如： The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。 no less than与一样。例如： He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。 4） more than不只是，非常。例如： She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。