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1、大学英语跨文化交际,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Learning objectives:,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,1. to identify the definitions of enculturation, acculturation, separation, segregation, integration, assimilation, marginalization and culture shock 2. to identify the 5 stages of culture shock 3. to be able to d
2、istinguish enculturation, acculturation and assimilation,Listen to the lead-in case The Ladies Roomhttp:/210.46.97.180/jpk/alk/alt/5.html,1.What should one do before entering into an unfamiliar culture? 2. How to adapt yourself for the new environment? 3. Is entering into an unfamiliar culture stres
3、sful? 4. What are the potential results of entering into a new culture?,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,The difference between enculturation and acculturation Predictors of acculturation Modes of acculturation Culture Shock Symptoms of culture shock Aspects of culture shock Stages of culture shock Strat
4、egies for Managing Culture Shock,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Enculturation ( 濡化) is the socialization (社会化) process you go through to adapt to your society, while Acculturation（ 涵化）refers to an individuals learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.,The difference between enc
5、ulturation and acculturation,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Similarity of culture personal characteristics and experiences The effects of media and transportation,2. Predictors of acculturation,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,3. Factors Affecting Acculturation,b. personal characteristics and experiences,Yo
6、unger people adapt more easily than older ones. Education background also plays a part, and a persons personality (such as risktaking or being gregarious （群居的，合群的）and curious or not) can determine how readily they will desire to blend in with a new culture. Finally, previous travel, contact with ove
7、rseas friends or family, and mass media influence also come into play.,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Risktaking,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Gregarious,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Curious,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Travel,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,4. Modes of acculturation,a. Separation and segregat
8、ion b. Integration c. Assimilation d. Marginalization (边缘化),Separation and segregation refer to maintaining ones original culture and not participating in the new culture.,Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity.,
9、Marginalization, or deculturation, refers to losing ones cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. The person has feelings of “not belonging anywhere”,Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another. When indivi
10、duals are assimilated into a mainstream culture, they lose their previous culture.,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,The Process of Acculturation,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Case Analysis: Doubts,4. Culture Shock （文化休克，文化冲击）,Why does Wu Lian feel uncomfortable in the new environment ? http:/210.46.97.180/
11、jpk/alk/alt/8.html,refers to the traumatic（创伤的，痛苦而难忘的）experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.,Culture shock,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,5. Symptoms of culture shock,physical symptoms b. psychological symptoms,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,a. physical symptoms,Phy
12、sical symptoms are over-concerned about cleanliness of food, bedding, and dishes, extreme stress on health and safety; fear or physical contact with anyone in the new country; great concern over minor pains and skin eruptions; craving “home cooking”; use of alcohol and drugs; and a decline in work q
13、uality.,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,b.psychological symptoms,Psychological symptoms are insomnia（失眠）, fatigue, isolation and loneliness, disorientation（迷惑）, frustration, criticism of new country, depression, nervousness, self-doubt, irritability（易怒）, anger, and emotional and intellectual withdrawal.
14、,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Home cooking,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Alcohol,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Drug,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Insomnia,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Fatigue,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Disorientation,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Depression,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Nervou
15、sness,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,2. Forms of culture shock,Language shock Role shock Transition shock Cultural Fatigue Education Shock Adjustment Stress Culture Distance,a. Language Shock,Language shock occurs when we are unfamiliar with the host language. Many sociorelational cues lie in the domai
16、n of human language. If we do not understand the language, we lose the ability to adjust ourselves to the new symbolic environment.,b. Role Shock,Role shock refers to the feeling of loss of personal status in an ambiguous new environment in which we make efforts to switch our role in order to fit an
17、d function well in the host culture.,c. Transition shock,Transition shock is used to describe the distress we experience when trying to cope with the multitude of changes required by the host culture. It is similar to the state of losing a close family member, divorce, or geographic relocation.,d. C
18、ulture fatigue,Culture fatigue is used to describe the physical and psychological discomforts experienced by sojourners trying to adapt to a new culture.,e. Education shock,Education shock is frequently used to describe what happens to international students who try to adapt themselves to academic l
19、ife, especially when the learning situation is new and distressing.,f. Adjustment stress,Adjustment stress is a term used to indicate bodily physical tension that signals a persons readiness to face the challenges of the new cultural environment.,g. Culture distance,Culture distance refers to the di
20、stance between a sojourners culture and the host culture and signals the degree of alienation, estrangement疏远, and psychological distress the sojourner feels as a result.,Intercultural Adaptation, Pre-reading Task: Consult someone from your culture who has been living in another culture for a relati
21、vely longperiod of time. Ask him/her to tell you his/her feelings and experiences when he/she was in that culture.,Definition of intercultural adaptation Stages of intercultural adaptation,Intercultural adaptation refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands o
22、f a new cultural environment.,1. Definition,2. Stages of Intercultural Adaptation,U-curve Pattern,Honeymoon Period Crisis Period Adjustment Period Biculturalism Period,The first stage (the “honeymoon” stage) The second stage (the crisis or disenchantment stage) The third stage (the reintegration sta
23、ge) The fourth stage (the gradual adjustment stage) The fifth stage (the full adjustment stage),Stages of culture shock,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,The first stage of initial contact, sometimes called the “honeymoon” stage or initial euphoria欣快, is where everything is new and exciting.,a. The first
24、stage (the “honeymoon” stage),Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,The second stage involves disintegration of familiar cues and irritation and hostility（敌意, 敌对） with the differences experienced in the new culture.,b. The second stage (the crisis or disenchantment stage),Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,c. The th
25、ird stage (the reintegration stage),The third stage involves a reintegration of new cues and an increased ability to function in the new culture. In the third stage, the adjustment phase, you begin to accept the new culture.,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,d. The fourth stage (the gradual adjustment sta
26、ge),In the fourth stage, gradual adjustment continues toward gradual autonomy（自主，独立） and seeing “good” and “bad” elements in both the home and new cultures.,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,e. The fifth stage (the full adjustment stage),The final, fifth stage is described as reciprocal（交互的，相互的） interdepe
27、ndence where the person has achieved biculturalism（二元文化主义）by becoming able to cope comfortably in both home and new cultures. Full adjustment can take years.,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,W-curve Pattern,may occur upon returning to the home country if a person has adjusted exceptionally well to the ho
28、st culture.,Reverse culture shock,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,a. Study the host culture b. Study the local environment c. Learn basic verbal and nonverbal language skills d. Develop intercultural relationships e. Maintain an intimate social network f. Assume the principle of difference/Remember your perceptual context g. Anticipate failure events,8. Strategies for Managing Culture Shock,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,Home work and After-class activities,Surf on the Internet to collect the information about culture shock,Chapter 2 Cultural Dynamics,