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1、The functionalist Approaches to Translation,It came into being in 1970s in Germany Often referred to as the German School of functionalist translation theory,1. Distinguished contributors,Katharina Reiss Hans J. Vermeer Christiane Nord,Katharina Reiss(凯瑟林娜赖斯),Reise. (In 1971). Possibilities and Limi
2、ts of Translation Criticism: Categories and Criteria for a Fair Evaluations (book),Reise was firmly within equivalence principle. Yet she is aware that there do exist situations “where equivalence is not possible and in some cases, not even desired” and there are “certain exceptions from the equival
3、ence requirement” P78,a model of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target texts,Hans J. Vermeer(汉斯弗米尔),Vermeer(1978). Framework for a General Translation Theory ( a paper) Reiss P108 The specific meanings of loyalty p109,The loyalty role by Nord,the supple
4、ment to Skopos theory repairing the disadvantages and limitation of the skopos rule eliminating the translation at random avoiding the tendency which regards translation just as target text writing.,My personal version of the functional approach thus stands on two pillars: function plus loyalty. It
5、is precisely the combination of the two principles that matters, even though there may be cases where they seem to contradict each other. . Function refers to the factors that make a target text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the inter-personal relationship betwe
6、en the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text-addressees and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients. Christiane
7、Nord,4. Key concepts of Skopos theory,a major shift from linguistic equivalence to functional appropriateness,From its standpoint, translation is considered not as a process of transcoding (the position usually adopted by earlier non-functionalist approaches), but as a form of human action which has
8、 its own purpose basically decided on by the translator.,The skopos of a translation is the goal or purpose, defined by the commission and if necessary adjusted by the translator. Commission is defined as the instruction, given by oneself or by someone else, to carry out a given action (which could
9、be translation),5. functional approaches vs. non-functional approaches,5.1 Translator,NON-FUNCTIONALIST Faithful to the author Should be invisible,FUNCTIONALIST Loyal to his client Must be visible,visibility of the translator,In functionalism the translator inevitably has to be visible, since functi
10、onal approaches do not establish rules but support decision-making strategies and the translator has to make critical decisions as to how define the translation skopos and which strategies can best meet the target recipients requirements;,The translator should be visible, making his/her decisions tr
11、ansparent to his/her client and accepting the responsibility of his/her choices. A visible translator has to accept the consequences of his/her translational decisions,The role of a translator,Translators are language professionals. They are applied linguists, competent writers, diplomats, and educa
12、ted amateurs.,Like linguists, translators have to be capable of discerning subtleties and nuances in their languages, researching terminology and colloquialisms, and handling new developments in their languages.,Like writers, translators have to be accustomed to working long hours alone on a subject
13、 which interests few people and with a language that few people around them know.,Like diplomats, translators have to be sensitive to the cultural and social differences which exist in their languages and be capable of addressing these issues when translating.,Like educated amateurs, translators hav
14、e to know the basics and some of the details about the subjects they deal with,5.2 Translation processes,NON-FUNCTIONALIST Source text oriented,FUNCTIONALIST Target text oriented,5.3 Aim of translation,NON-FUNCTIONALIST Linguistic equivalence,FUNCTIONALIST Communicative acceptability (functional app
15、ropriateness),5.4 theoretical backgrounds,NON-FUNCTIONALIST Contrastive linguistics lexical semantics (applying rules),FUNCTIONALIST Psycho-, sociolinguistics, text linguistics (supporting decisions),6. Yan Fus translation theory and practice revisited,信、达、雅 Faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance,6.
16、1. About Yanfu and his contribution to translation,Yan Fu(1854-1921) was a great thinker, educator, translator and translation theorist in modern China.,Yan Fus translation was epoch-making in the Chinese translation history： A pioneer in systematically introducing the Western social science into Ch
17、ina One of the first bilingual translators, helping end the Chinese collaboration tradition and initiating the individual translation history at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Translating directly from English, in contrast to most of his colleagues who translated the Western works via the
18、Japanese language The translation criteria “信、达、雅”,6.2 On his faithfulness and elegance,Faithfulness as the fundamental requirement of translation Paradoxically, he was often criticized for failing to live up to this standard himself Elegance being another important criterion, in addition to being f
19、aithful,He purposely adopted “汉以前字法句法”， which is to better received by the intended readers, the Shidafu士大夫. The first person narrator is changed to the third person, who knows everything. Elegance is the translation strategy to capture the attention of the Shidafu. “雅，乃是严复的招来术” （by 王佐良）,“他认识到这些书对于那
20、些仍在中古的梦想里酣睡的人是多么难以下咽的苦药，因此他在上面涂了糖衣，这糖衣就是士大夫们所心折的汉以前的古雅文体。” 于是，就在那群封建士大夫摇头晃脑欣赏那充满古典美的雅文的同时，他们也咽下了西学的“苦药”西方近代社会哲学思想。,6.3 Yan Fus Skopos Ideas,Translation as a purposeful activity The purpose of his translation is to inspire Chinese people by making the readers interested in his translation works and a
21、ccepting the ideas. The purpose determines his choice of books, readers, translation strategies and the overall style.,对于严复翻译思想与翻译策略的研究,与严复救国思想的研究是密不可分的。严复“达旨”式的翻译,是“开民智”这一救国思路在严复译书领域的具体体现.严复的翻译是一种以翻译目的为中心的翻译,其目的就是让读者有兴趣阅读他的译作,接受其中的思想,达到“开民智”的目的,进而实现拯救中国的最终目标。从选书、确定读者、把握整体文风、使用具体技巧等方面都可以看出这点。,7. Comments on Functionalism,Significance and limitations P79;82-89;102 (Read after class),Assignments,Comments on Functionalism Significance and limitations P79;82-89;97;102 (Read after class) Further reading of Functionalism for questions on p99;128 Previewing the Descriptive Approaches,