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1、,运动解剖学,绪论,人体的构成 解剖学基本术语,人体的构成,细胞 组织 器官 系统,构成人体的组织,上皮 肌肉 神经 结缔组织,人体的系统,运动系统 消化系统 呼吸系统 泌尿系统 生殖系统,脉管系统 神经系统 感觉器官 内分泌系统 免疫系统,解剖学基本术语,Descriptive anatomical terms,The anatomical position: (解剖学姿势) The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs late
2、rally.,Anatomical axes and planes （轴与面）,Axis 轴： Vertical axis 垂直轴 Sagittal axis 矢状轴 Coronal axis 冠状轴 Plane面: Sagittal plane 矢状面 Coronal plane 冠状面 Horizontal plane 水平面 或transverse plane 横切面,轴和面,轴 垂直轴 vertical axis 矢状轴 sagittal axis 冠状轴 frontal axis,轴和面,面 矢状面-正中矢状面 冠（额）状面 水平面 纵切面 横切面,The terms of the
3、direction (方位术语),superior 上, inferior 下 anterior (ventral) 前 ( 腹侧 ) posterior (dorsal) 后 ( 背侧 ) medial 内侧, lateral 外侧 internal 内, external 外 superficial 浅, profound 深 proximal 近侧, distal 远侧 ulnar 尺侧, radial 桡侧 tibial 胫侧，fibular 腓侧,The Locomotor System 运动系统,The Locomotor System 运动系统,运动系统由bone 骨、joint
4、s关节和muscles 骨骼肌组成，占成人体重60% 骨起杠杆作用 关节是运动的枢纽 骨骼肌是动力器官 功能: support 支持 Protection 保护 Locomotion 运动,The Locomotor System 运动系统,骨学 关节学 肌肉学,Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论,Bones in adult are 206 in number. Classification of bone 骨的分类 Bones are classified according to their position and shape The position
5、 can be: skull 颅骨 bones of trunk 躯干骨 appendicular skeleton 四肢骨 Types of shape include: long bone 长骨 short bone 短骨 flat bone 扁骨 irregular bone不规则骨 sesamoid obone籽骨,General structures of bone骨的构造,Bone substance 骨质 Periosteum 骨膜 Bone marrow 骨髓,General structures of bone骨的构造,Bone substance 骨质 compact bo
6、ne 骨密质 spongy bone 骨松质 呈海绵状，由trabeculae骨小梁构成 In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板和内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo 板障,Periosteum 骨膜: Outer or fibrous layer Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bon
7、e with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts(成骨细胞) Bone marrow 骨髓 Red marrow 红骨髓: haematopoietic 造血 Yellow marrow黄骨髓: fatty,General structures of bone骨的构造,Chemical composition and physical properties骨的化学成分和物理性质,Organic material有机质： 主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。 Inorganic salts无机质： 主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度
8、（抗压力15kg/mm）和脆性。,骨密度（BMD）,骨密度(BMD)的定义:bone mineral density骨骼矿物质密度 骨密度低于正常值30%时，X光片才能看到骨质疏松 体重短期下降过快会影响骨密度，导致骨质疏松： 人身上适当的脂肪组织能通过生化作用转化成雌激素等，增加肠钙的吸收，促进骨的形成，防止骨质疏松。 体瘦的人脂肪组织和肌肉菲薄，当发生摔倒或受暴力作用时，易遭骨折危害。 锻炼腹肌的同时，往往需要做弯曲脊柱的动作，使脊柱承受很大的张力，因此，骨密度偏低的人或患有骨质疏松症的人就很容易发生严重的背痛，甚至脊柱骨折。 绝经后妇女骨折发生率是男性的 3倍,骨密度（BMD）,人体骨密
9、度最低的部位是在腰部和髋部。 骨密度值是一个绝对值，以每平方厘米克(g/cm2)表示。 不同的骨密度检测仪的绝对值均不相同。所以人们通常用T值来判断自己的骨密度是否正常。T值是一个相对值，正常值参考范围在-1至+1之间。当T值低于-2.5时为骨质疏松。一般而言，运动可以促进钙的吸收，有利于增加骨密度和骨骼强度，防止和延缓骨质流失。当骨密度受到某些因素的影响，如: 雌性激素下降、钙的摄入量不足等而出现偏低情况（俗称“缺钙”）时，应增加钙的摄取量并加强体育锻炼。,骨的功能,支持功能 运动功能 保护功能 造血功能 储备钙和磷的功能,骨骼,Skull 颅骨 Bones of trunk 躯干骨 The
10、 Bones of Limbs 四肢骨,颅骨,Bones of trunk 躯干骨,Bones of trunk 躯干骨,组成Composition: vertebrae椎骨、sternum胸骨 、ribs肋骨 Vertebrae 椎骨 There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C.7 Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.12 Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L.5 Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨 Coccygeal ver
11、tebrae 尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾骨,椎骨的一般结构,General features of vertebrae Vertebral body 椎体 Vertebral arch 椎弓 Vertebral foramen 椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管 Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔,Sacrum 骶骨,Anterior surface: 前面观 promontory岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs) Posterior surface: 后面观 median sacral crest 骶正中嵴,
12、Transsacral (epidural) anasthesia,Cornua,palpation,Sacral hiatus, Sternal angle 胸骨角,Sternal angle 胸骨角,Ribs肋骨: 12 pair,General features一般特征 Ribs 17 called true ribs真肋 Ribs 810 called false ribs 假肋 Ribs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋,The Bones of Limbs四肢骨,Bones of upper limbs上肢骨,Bones of upper limbs上肢骨,
13、Composition: Should girdle 上肢带骨clavicle锁骨，scapula肩胛骨 Bones of free upper limb 自由上肢骨 Humerus肱骨 in arm Radius桡骨 and ulna尺骨 in forearm Carpal腕骨, metacarpals掌骨 and phalanges指骨 in hand,Clavicle 锁骨,Sternal end胸骨端 medially and acromial end肩峰端 laterally “S” shaped，中外1/3容易骨折,Scapula 肩胛骨,Three borders三缘 Upper
14、 border上缘 , Lateral (axillary) border腋缘 Medial (vertebral) border脊柱缘 Three angles Superior:上角 opposite to the 2nd rib Inferior: 下角 opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals space Lateral:外侧角 glenoid cavity关节盂, Two surfaces两面 Anterior surface concave: subscapular fossa肩胛下窝 Posterior surface: supra-
15、 and infraspinous fossae冈上、下窝, spine of scapula 肩胛冈, acromion 肩峰,Radius桡骨,Upper end: head of radius桡骨头, neck of radius桡骨颈, radial tuberosity 桡骨粗隆, and articular circumference环状关节面 Shaft：interosseous border骨间缘 Lower end: styloid process 茎突 carpal articular surface腕关节面,Ulnar尺骨,Upper end: olecranon鹰嘴 c
16、oronoid process 冠突 trochlear notch滑车切迹 radial notch 桡切迹 ulnar tubersity尺骨粗隆 Lower end styloid process 尺骨茎突 head of ulna 尺骨头,Carpal bones 腕骨,Proximal row (lateral to medial) scaphoid手舟骨, lunate月骨, triquetral三角骨 and pisiform豌豆骨 Distal row (lateral to medial) trapezium大多角骨, trapezoid小多角骨, capitate头状骨 a
17、nd hamate钩骨 Metacarpal bones掌骨 Numbered one to five from thumb to little finger Structure of eachbase (proximally), shaft, and head (distally) Phalanges of fingers 指骨 Consist of 14 two for first digit (thumb) and three for each of other four digits Structure of each base (proximally), shaft, and tro
18、chlea of phalanx (distally), tuberosity of distal phalanx远节指骨粗隆,Bones of Lower Limb下肢骨,Bones of Lower Limb,Composition: 组成 Pelvic girdle:下肢带骨 Hip bone髋骨 Bones of free lower limb:下肢自由骨 Femur股骨 in thigh ( patella髌骨) Tibia胫骨 and fibula腓骨 in leg Tarsals跗骨, metatarsals跖骨, phalanges of toes趾骨 in foot,Hip
19、bone 髋骨,Consisting of three fused bones：ilium髂骨, ischium坐骨, pubis耻骨 Ilium髂骨 to form superior 2/5 of acetabulum髋臼 iliac crest 髂嵴, anterior superior iliac spine 髂前上棘 anterior inferior iliac spine 髂前下棘 tubercle of iliac crest髂结节 posterior superior iliac spine 髂后上棘 posterior inferior iliac spine 髂后下棘,Hi
20、p bone 髋骨,Ischium 坐骨 ischial tuberosity 坐骨结节 Pubis 耻骨 symphysial surface耻骨联合面 obturator foramen 闭孔 Acetabulum 髋臼formed by bodies of ischium, ilium and pubis,Femur 股骨,Upper end: femoral head股骨头 neck of femur 股骨颈 greater trochanter 大转子 lesser trochanter 小转子 Lower end: medial and lateral condyles内、外侧髁
21、medial and lateral epicondyles内、外上髁,Fracture of the femoral neck,Tibia 胫骨,Upper end: medial and lateral condyles 内、外侧髁, Shaft: interosseous border 骨间缘 Lower end: medial malleolus 内踝,Fibula 腓骨,Upper end: fibular head 腓骨头 neck of fibula 腓骨颈 Shaft: interosseous border骨间缘 Lower end: lateral malleolus 外踝
22、,Patella 髌骨,triangular sesamoid bone,Tarsal bones 跗骨,Consist of seven short bones arranged in three row Posterior row talus 距骨, calcaneus 跟骨 Intermediate row navicular bone 足舟骨 Anterior row medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms 内侧、中间和外侧楔骨, cuboid bone 骰骨,跖骨与趾骨,Metatarsal bones 跖骨 Consist of five elongated bones, numbered one to five medial to lateral Structure of each base (proximally), shaft, and head (distally) in each Phalanges of toes 趾骨 Consist of 14two for first toe (hallux) and three for each of other four toes,