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1、专题07 非谓语动词（一）高考分析高考主要考查非谓语动词的作用和形式。在作用方面主要考查作定语、状语、补语时用不定式还是分词；作宾语时用不定式还是动名词；在形式方面主要考查用一般式还是完成式、主动式还是被动式、现在分词还是过去分词等。语法特征：在句子中充当谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词叫非谓语动词，包括不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词和过去分词），他们没有人称和数的变化，但保留动词的某些特征：有时态和语态的变化，有否定式，可以带宾语、状语和补语；又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等成分1、不定式顾名思义就是不一定是什么形式，所以动词不定式可以相当于名词、形容
2、词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。2、动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。3、分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分4、语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词的语态。 一、非谓语动词概览（一） 动词不定式谨记规则不定式由“to动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to动词原形”。不定式可以加宾语或状语构成不定式短语，它没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。(一)不定式的用法1作主语(1)不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。To see is to believe.眼见为实。It is right
3、 to give up smoking.戒烟是正确的。(2)在“It is/wasadj.for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind, nice, foolish等词，且sb.与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。It is generous of him to contribute so much.他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。It was important for us to live a lowcarbon
4、life.过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。2作宾语(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, helpWe agreed to meet at the school gate.我们一致同意在校门口见面。(2)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, mak
5、e, believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。We think it our duty to protect the environment.我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。3作表语不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。My dream is to enter Peking University.我的梦想是考入北京大学。4作宾语补足语(1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语，如ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, pr
6、efer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。Father will not allow us to play in the street.父亲不会允许我们在街上玩耍。(2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：一感 (feel)，二听(hear, listen to)，三使(let，have, make)，五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at)，半帮助 (help)，但在变为被动语态时需加to。Nobody saw him come in. (主动语态)没人看见他进来。The thief wa
7、s observed to enter the bank. (被动语态)有人看见小偷进了银行。5作定语(1)不定式作定语表示将来的动作。I have a lot of work to do.我有许多工作要做。(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。I need a pen to write with.我需要一支钢笔写字。特别注意如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way等，不定式后的介词习惯上可以省去。(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等
8、限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身
9、同等重要。特别注意不定式作定语时，若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者，则用主动形式表被动含义；若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者，则用被动形式表被动含义。She has a sister to look after.她有一个妹妹要照顾。(she是look after的执行者)6作状语(1)作目的状语。表示“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能置于句首。To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volun
10、teer programs.为了提高社区服务水平，一些学校已经发起了义务志愿者服务计划。(2)作结果状语。不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，有时前面加only，以加强语气。常用于下列结构中：only to do表示意想不到的结果enough to do 足够做too . to do 太而不能so/such . as to . 如此以至于Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。He is old enough to go to s
11、chool.他到上学的年龄了。(3)作原因状语。表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因，常用于这类结构的形容词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。Maggie was glad to be home in her own bed.玛吉回到家躺在自己的床上，觉得非常高兴。7. “疑问词+不定式”结构疑问词who，what，which，when，where，how等后上加上不定式相当于名词性
12、从句。同样一句话，英语里可以用从句和不定式结构来表达，意思没有区别。I didnt know how I could get back to the village.I didnt know how to get back to the village.我不知道怎么回到村子。(二)动词不定式的时态和语态1动词不定式的时态和语态的构成和用法形式意义主动语态被动语态一般式与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生to doto be done进行式在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行to be doing完成式在谓语动词的动作之前发生to have doneto have been done
13、完成进行式发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行to have be doingI saw him go out.我看见他出去了。The boy pretended to be studying hard when his teacher came in.当老师进来的时候，那个男孩假装正在努力学习。Im sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱歉让你久等了。The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.明天要举行的会议很重要。2动词不定式语态四注意(1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定
14、式之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。Have you got a key to unlock the door?你有开门的钥匙吗？(2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。He needs a room to live in.他需要一间房间居住。(3)不定式作表语(性质)形容词的状语，和句中主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.。This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can lear
15、n to use it in a few minutes.这台机器很容易操作。只需几分钟，任何人都能学会使用它。The book is very hard to understand.这本书很难理解。(4)在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to do. (有人必须去干活)There is a lot of work to be done. (工作必须被做)请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感
16、到十分乏味)There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常) .单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)You dont have to run fast or for long_ (see) the benefit.2(2018全国卷)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _ (improve) water quality.3(2018全国卷)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _ (stay) and watch.
17、 4(20186月浙江高考)While regularly eating out seems to _ (become) common for many young people in recent years, its not without a cost.5(2017全国卷)They are required _ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.6(2016四川高考)For 25 days, she never left her bab
18、y, not even to find something _ (eat)! 7(2015全国卷)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough _ (cool) the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night.8(2014全国卷)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused
19、_ (stop) until we reached the next stop. .单句改错1(2018全国卷)As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not let me._2(2018全国卷)Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious._3(2017全国卷)W
20、hen summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables！_4(20166月浙江高考)He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us._5(2015四川高考)Its been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing._6(2015浙江高考)The
21、 position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming._1. 解析：to see此处意为：你不必跑很快或很久就能看到它的好处。分析句子结构可知，此处应该使用不定式形式作目的状语。2. 解析：to improve根据“改善水质”是“政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不种植水稻”的目的，可知此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。3. 解析：to stayallow sb.to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“允许某人做某事”。4. 解析：have become根据后面的时间状语in recent years可知，此处应该用动
22、词不定式的完成时。5. 解析：to processrequire sb.to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“需要某人做某事”。6. 解析：to eat句意：25天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！不定式to eat作定语，修饰前面的不定代词something。7. 解析：to cool“be形容词enoughto do sth.”为固定结构，意为“足够，能够做某事”。8. 解析：to stoprefuse后接动词作宾语时，要用其不定式形式，即refuse to do sth.“拒绝做某事”。1. 解析：watchingwatchask to do sth.意为“请求做某事”，是固定结
23、构。2. 解析：take前加tobe eager to do sth.表示“渴望做某事”，是固定结构。3. 解析：pick前加toinvite sb. to do sth.意为“邀请某人做某事”，是固定结构。4. 解析：knowingknowpretend后面接不定式作宾语，这里是否定式pretend not to do sth.“假装不做某事”。故knowing改成know。5. 解析：want后加towant后跟动词不定式作宾语，want to do sth.意为“想要做某事”。6. 解析：feltfeelmake后面跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补，即make sb. do sth.，表示“
24、使某人做某事”，所以此处应将felt改为feel。（二） 动名词动名词是由动词ing形式构成的，它在句中起名词作用。(一)动名词的句法功能1作主语动名词短语作主语时，有时用it作形式主语。Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。It is worth making an appointment before you go.去之前预约一下是值得的。知识拓展下面句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was a waste (of
25、.)/no use/no good doing sth.2作表语动名词作表语表示通常的情况，多指抽象的、经常性的动作，句子主语通常是无生命的事物或由what引导的名词性从句。表语与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语和表语有时可互换位置。My job is teaching you English.= Teaching you English is my job.我的工作是教你们英语。3作宾语(1)下列动词(短语)只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pard
26、on; admit, delay/put off, fancy避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡forbid, imagine, risk; cant help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escapeHe tried to avoid answering my questions.他试图对我的问题避而不答。(2)由“动词介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于),
27、look forward to (期盼), feel like (想要), insist on (坚持), get down to (开始认真做某事), devote . to . (致力于), object to (反对), stick to (坚持), give up (放弃)等。Its time I got down to thinking about that essay.我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。(3)下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：4作定语(1)动名词可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途、性能或目的。a walking sticka
28、 stick for walking手杖a sleeping cara car for sleeping卧铺车(2)表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可以表示经常性的动作或状态。John is a promising young man.约翰是一个有前途的年轻人。(二)动名词的时态和语态形式意义主动语态被动语态一般式与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生doingbeing done完成式先于谓语动词的动作完成having donehaving been doneDo you like playing chess？你喜欢下棋吗？She was pleased that the
29、teacher wasnt angry with her for her having been so rude.她很高兴老师没有因为她的无礼而生气。(三)动名词的复合结构动名词前面可以有自己的逻辑主语构成动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。在句子开头通常用动名词所有格或物主代词。Toms doing sth 可作主语、宾语、表语his doing sthTom doing sth 可作宾语、表语him doing sthYour leaving will be a great loss to us.（作主语）你的离开对我们来说将会是一个
30、巨大的损失。Peters sailing across the ocean surprised us a lot. （作主语）Peter横渡大洋这一举动令我们很震惊。I dont like your speaking ill of other people.(作宾语)我不喜欢你说别人的坏话。I object to anyone smoking in the room.（作宾语）我反对任何人在房间里吸烟。The trouble is their not having enough time.（作表语）问题是他们没有足够的时间。.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)You may drink, smo
31、ke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of _ (die) early by running. 2(2018全国卷)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid _ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged. 3(20186月浙江高考)I still remember _ (visit) a friend whod lived here for five years and I was shocked when I
32、learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time. 4(2017全国卷)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by _ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.5(2017全国卷)But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm _ (rest)6(2014全国卷)Still, the boy kept
33、 _ (ride).单句改错1(2018全国卷)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish._2(2016全国卷)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip._3(2016全国卷)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes._1. 解析：dying此处作介词of的宾语，且后有副词early作状语，故填动词die的动名词形式dying。2. 解析：lookingavoid后
34、接动名词形式作宾语，故填looking。3. 解析：visitingremember doing sth.“记得做过某事”，为固定搭配。4. 解析：eatingby在此处表示“通过”，是介词，后面接动名词形式作宾语。5. 解析：restingspend time (in) doing sth.为固定搭配。6. 解析：ridingkeep后接动名词作宾语，keep doing sth.意为“继续做某事”。1. 解析：sellselling动词sell在介词by后作宾语，故使用其动名词形式。2. 解析：wearwearing此处用动名词作介词by的宾语。3. 解析：taketaking此处为between . and . 结构，根据前面的“staying at home”可知，此处也要用动名词形式，与前面保持一致。