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1、非谓语动词一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。I want to read a book written by the woman living there. 谓语 非谓语动词非谓语动词的做题步骤 1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。 2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。 3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。 4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用done; 之后常用to
2、 do; 同时常用doing。二、非谓语动词有三种：不定式 (to do） 否定(not to do) V-ing （doing） 否定(not doing) 过去分词（done） 否定(not done) 三、非谓语动词功能表 主语宾语定语表语补语状语To do动名词现在分词V-ed四、不定式在句子中可以充当哪些成分？1、作主语To run is a good habit.(=It is a good habit to run.)2、作表语Our plan is to build a bridge over the river.3、作宾语I want to buy a dictionary.
3、4、作定语He has a chance to go abroad. 5、作状语 To finish the work, he had to get up early.6、作补语I ask us to help him.动名词在句子当中可以充当哪些成分？1、主语Nodding means agreement. 2、宾语Would you mind closing the windows?3、表语His job is selling newspapers.4、定语This is a swimming pool.现在分词在句子当中可以充当哪些成分？1、表语He is selling newspap
4、ers.2、定语The dancing man is my uncle.3 补语He kept me waiting so long.4 状语Walking in the street, I met my teacher.过去分词在句子当中可以充当哪些成分？1、定语 This is one of the schools built in the 1980s.2、表语The shop is closed. 2 / 173、补语She found her glass stolen.4、状语Seen from the space, the earth looks blue.五、非谓语动词的形式动词不
5、定式主动态被动态一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing完成式to have done to have been done完成进行式to have been doing现在分词/动名词主动态 被动态一般式doing being done 完成式having donehaving been done过去分词done动词不定式的形式 John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. （一般式的主动态）He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被动态)He pretend
6、ed to be listening attentively. (进行式)He intended to have told you that. (完成式主动态)This work of art seemed to have been created long ago. (完成式的被动态)Were happy to have been working with you. (完成进行式)现在分词的形式 He sat in a chair, reading a novel. (一般式主动态)Being criticized by the boss , he listened attent
7、ively. (一般式被动态)Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主动态)All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被动态)过去分词的形式 Given more time, we could have done it better.The bridge built last month needs repairing.一、不定式与动名词做主语：1、动名词做主语往往一种经常性、习惯性的行为，不定式做主语常表示某一次具体的行为。例如：Collecting inform
8、ation about childrens health is his job. To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.当动名词短语或者不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling. Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：It's adj. / n. for / of sb. to do sth. (不定式的复合结构) （1）Its difficult (important,
9、necessary) for sb. to do （2）Its kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. It was wise of him to do that. 3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：Its no good (use, fun) doing.Its (a) waste of time ones doing.4、疑问词+不定式可以在句中充当主
10、语，宾语或表语。Where to build the factory hasnt been desided.He told us what to do.5. 注意：动名词复合结构做主语：当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，不可以用人称代词主格和宾格，也不可以用名词的普通格。 His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him) Jack's suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack)对比：动名词作复合结构宾语：此时，带逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也
11、可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。（动名词复合结构做宾语）Do you mind my / me reading your paper?She doesn't like Mary / Mary's talking that way. 二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语：1、不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。What I would suggest is to start work at once. 2、动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。His hobby is collecting stamps. 3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与内容；进行时表示正在进行的动
12、作。The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语）With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms.（现在进行时）4、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。He is well educated.（过去分词做表语）He has been educated in this college for three years.（被动语态）5、注意如下表示心理动作的动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同：
13、表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时，表示“令人的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到”。Travelling is interesting but tiring. 。 来源:学&科&网Z
14、&X&X&KThe pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 6、 除be done外， get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词都可跟done。如remain seated / hidden，get paid / dressed / changed / stuck / hurt / injured / burnt等。What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour
15、. 7、下列be done表示所处的状态（注意此类短语用做状语时，经常直接去掉be动词来使用）be addicted to沉迷于be absorbed in全神贯注于be aimed at旨在 / 意图be armed with 有装备be buried in埋葬在be based on / upon以为基础be born出生于be burdened with担负着be crowded with挤满了be covered with / by覆盖着be coated with涂抹了be combined with与联合be compared with与相比较be caught in 陷入be l
16、ost in沉迷于be concerned about关心be dressed in穿着be devoted to专心致志于be divided into分成be engaged in忙于be engaged to sb. 与订婚be fixed on专注于be faced with面临着be filled with装满了be greeted with受到了问候be grown up 已经长大了be hidden in躲在be linked to 与有关be paved with铺着be loaded with载有be located in位于be matched 很般配be mistaken
17、 弄错了be replaced with更换为be related to / with与有关 be seated 坐着 be married(to sb. )与某人结婚了be separated from与隔开be shouldered with肩负着be stationed in驻扎在be surrounded with / by四周环绕着be supposed to do应该做be recovered from 从中康复be connected with与相连 / 有关be made of / from / up of由制成 / 组成be designed / meant / intend
18、ed for专为而设计be known as / for / to以著称 / 因著名三、不定式与动名词做宾语：1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语：want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。注意：如果作宾语的动词不定式后面有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，置于谓语动词的后面，而将动词不定式放到宾语补足语后面。They found it h
19、ard to learn English.Dont you think it better to translate it this way?2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protect
20、from, set about, be engaged in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。 在一下句型中in可以省略，其后接动名词作宾语。 Have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing sth There is no point(good / point / sense / harm)(in) doing sth Spend time/money (in) doing sth3、动词advise / allow / permit / forbi
21、d后跟doing，也可跟sb. to do。The teacher advised taking a different approach. The teacher advised us to take a different approach.We were advised to take a different approach.4、need, require, want, deserve doing / to be done表示被动意义。The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing / to be re
22、moved. 5、有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别： forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say, tell, inform等)regret doing对做过的事后悔 try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 mean to
23、 do打算，有意要mean doing意味着 go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)propose to do 打算(要做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)like / love / hate / prefer to do表示具体行为；doing sth. 表示抽象、倾向概念。6、come / become / grow / get to like / love / realize / understand / know等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地喜欢上 / 意识到 / 懂了 / 知道了”I think you
24、9;ll grow to like him when you know him better. 7、do / did / doesnothing/anything/everything but(except)动词原形，如果谓语动词不是do / did / does，but(except)，所跟的不定式须带to。（前有do后省to） Last night I did nothing but watch TV. 8、“Why not 动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不？”“干嘛不？” Why not take a holiday?9、“would rather / had bette
25、r(not)动词原形”意为“宁愿 / 最好(不)做某事”。You had better have your eyes examined. 【疑难6】10、there be的非谓语形式：作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作状语多用there being结构。 We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind. I don't mind there being a ch
26、air here. There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself. 11、为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词。John
27、 didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to. Hasn't he finished writing the report？ No, but he ought to have. Aren't you the headmaster? No, and I don't want to be. 四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语：1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语：ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise,
28、order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. We wish him to remain and accept the post.【特别提醒】hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do。()hope sb. to do sth.应改为 wish / expect sb. to do sth. ()welcome sb. to do sth.应改为 s
29、b. be welcome to do sth.()agree sb. to do sth.应改为 allow / permit sb. to do sth. ()suggest sb. to do sth.应改为advise sb. to do sth. / suggest sb. (should)do sth. ()demand sb. to do sth.应改为require sb. to do / demand sb. (should )do sth. 2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式，这些动词有感官动词see, watch, look at, notice, hear,
30、 listen to, feel, observe,和使役动词make, let, have等。 We noticed him enter the house. The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.这些感官动词和使役动词除了可以用省略了to的不定式作宾补还可以用现在分词、过去分词做宾补，要看与宾语的关系。例： We heard him sing the whole song. 我们听到他唱了
31、整首歌。 We heard him singing the song when we came in. 当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。3、（1）使役动词make宾语do / done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如make 在被动语态中，to要还原。I made my little brother cry. / My little brother was made to cry. I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard
32、and understood.（2）使役动词have 宾语 do sth. (主动，让某人做某事) doing sth. (主动，让某人或某物一直做某事) done(被动，叫人做某事遭遇某事)have表示“有”时，用have宾语to do，表示“有某事要做(主语本人做)”；用have宾语to be done，表示“有某事被做(不是主语本人做)”。The teacher often has us debate in class. They had the lights burning while working. Nancy will have her house painted. 。I am
33、going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought?（3）get 宾语doing表示“使起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去 get宾语to dolet / have sb. do表示“让某人做某事” get宾语donehave sth. done表示“使某事被做” The teacher often gets us to recite texts. I'd like to get my car repaired before the New Year. （4） 其
34、他用法 keep / leave宾语doing(主动，且持续进行) / done(被动) catch宾语doing表示“发现某人正在做某事”，宾语与doing为主动，且正在进行。find宾语doing(主动，正在进行) / done(被动、状态或完成) want / order / ask / wish 宾语(to be )done (宾语与done之间为被动关系) Sorry to have kept you waiting for me for such a long time. 不好意思让你等了这么久。 They went home, leaving much work unfinish
35、ed. 他们回家了，留下很多事情都没做。 I have once seen the child caught stealing money. 我曾经看到一个小孩偷钱被抓。 I found the little boy lying under the tree when I passed by. 我路过的时候发现那个小男孩躺在树底下。 She found a small boy seated at the back of the classroom. 她发现一个小男孩坐在教室后面。 The teacher wanted the paper (to be)finished in an hour.
36、老师想让试卷在一个小时内完成。4、with复合结构 小孩跟着他，他不得不回到公园。With the children following him, he had to go back to the park. 工作完成了，他可以回家了。With the work finished, he could go home. 这么多书要看，我不能外出。With so many books to read, I could not go out. 天气这么热，他们入室休息了。With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest. 随着彩电价格降了50%
37、，公司处境艰难。With the prices of color TV down by 50%, the company has a very hard time. 他妻子走下楼梯，手里拿着一本书。His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand. 五、非谓语动词做定语：1、动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰词有动宾关系，不定式用主动表示被动意义：I have a meeting to attend.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式用被动式：Have you got anything to be sen
38、t?注意：在表示次序的词：first, last, best等和表示时间的词time, week等以及名词wish, promise, plan, chance, attempt等词之后，用不定式作定语。Its time to go.He is always the first one to come, the last one to go!不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it
39、with?如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walking）a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为a car for sleeping）the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为the sun wh
40、ich was rising）the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing）3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如：The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，
41、不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiled water（开水）fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货）the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）六、不定式与分词做状语：1、不定式做状语，常表示目的、结果或原因：He hurried home only to find his money stolen.（结果状语）only to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。To make himself heard, he raised his voice.（目的状语） in order to引出的目的状语可以在句首
42、或句末，so as to只能置于句末。All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. (原因状语)不定式置于形容词之后做状语时，如果不定式可以和逻辑主语构成一种动宾关系，那么不定式用主动表示被动。The room is comfortable to live in.These children are too naughty to look after.2、现在分词和过去分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式、结果：Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.（条件状
43、语）Coming into the room, he found his father angry.（时间状语）Being tired, they went on working.（让步状语） Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry.（原因状语）He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased.（伴随状语）The rich man died, leaving his wife a lot of
44、 money. (结果状语)注意：1、非谓语作独立成分的固定搭配：To tell you the truth/to be honest/to be frank, I dont like the way he talked.Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.Generally speaking, girls are more careful.2、be+过去分词+介词，位于句首做状语或者做定语时，把be动词删去，过去分词充当形容词表状态。Absorbed in his own work,
45、 he neglected food and sleep. The woman dressed in red is my English teacher.常见的搭配有：be based on, be dressed in, be concerned about, be filled with, be faced with, be satisfied with, be accustomed to （习惯），be addicted to（沉溺于），be devoted to，be known as, be determined to do，be absorbed in（全神贯注），be lost in（陷入），be situated/located in/at（位于）等。例如： 3、非谓语前可以加上逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 4、非谓语与连词构成状语从句的省略Though