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1、绳架吊挂式带式输送机设计ABSTRACTA mach ine is a comb in ati on of mecha ni sms and other comp onents which tran sforms, tran smits. Examples are engin es, turb in es, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washi ng mach in es, and movie cameras. Many of the prin ciples and methods of design that apply to machines
2、also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machi nes. The term "mecha ni cal desig n" is used in a broader sense tha n "mach ine desig n" to in clude their desig n. the motio n and structural aspects and the provisi ons for retention and enclosure are considerations in
3、 mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mecha ni cal devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.KEY WORDSMecha ni cal, Desig n mecha nisms,Desig n Process61 The Design ProcessDesign
4、ing starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servici ng. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminar
5、y stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the
6、mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of desig n proposals, the n perform the comparis on. Has the possibility very much in the pla n which fin ally desig nated, has used certa in not in pla n some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components beco
7、me appare nt, an alysis can beg in in earn est. The an alysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performanee, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a
8、 balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the prin ciples of mecha ni cs, such as those of static for react ion forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of
9、dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and stre ngth of materials for stress and deflect ion; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The an alyses may be made by the same engin eer who con ceived the arran geme nt of
10、mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis divisi on or research group. Desig n is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or in formally, and the an alyst can con tribute to phases other tha n his own. Product desig n requires much research and
11、developme nt. Many Con cepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the
12、best program .In the process of material, the most com mon problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and con sider the reas on ableuse material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast a
13、nd consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the pla in tiff accused manu facturer, an d won the decisi on), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially whe n the un certa inty Ion g-term perfor
14、ma nee data is so, (d) quality con trol method is not suitable and un prove n, (e) by some completely in compete nt pers ons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existenee the conclusion. May for avoid these
15、questi ons to these questi ons research an alyses the appeara nee in dicat ing the direct ion. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid hav ing the product resp on sibility lawsuit, desig ns the pers onnel and the in dustry carries on the choice of material according
16、to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the qua ntity.May see from the above discussi on, the choice material people should to the material n ature, the characteristic and the process ing method have comprehe nsive and the basic un dersta nding.Fin ally, a desig n based upon fun ct
17、i on, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manu factured in qua ntity at a lower cost. During subseque nt years of manu facture and service, the desig n is likely to un dergo cha nges as new ideas are
18、con ceived or as further an alyses based upon tests and experie nee in dicate alteratio ns. Sales appeal.2 Some Rules for DesignIn this sect ion it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, an alyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, per
19、haps more fun cti on al, econo mical, and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the follow ing rules are suggested for the desig ner and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of n eed of physical properties and con trol process.2. Recog
20、nize fun cti on al loads and their sig nifica nee.3. An ticipate uninten ti on al loads.4. Devise more favorable load ing con diti ons.5. Provide for favorable stress distributio n and stiff ness with mi nimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials fo
21、r a comb in ati on of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and in tegral comp onen ts.9. Modify a functional desig n to fit the manu facturi ng process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate locatio n and nonin terfere nee of parts in assembly.Mach inery desig n covers the followi ng conten ts.1.
22、 Provides an in troductio n to the desig n process , problem formulatio n ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,In cludi ng beam , vibrati on and impact load ing.3. Reviews the fun dame ntals of stress and defect ion an alysis.4. I ntroduces fati
23、gue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machi nery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phe nomena of wear mecha ni sms, surface con tact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Inv estigates shaft desig n using th
24、e fatigue-a nalysis tech niq ues.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple in troducti on to helical ,bevel ,and worm geari ng.9. Discusses spri ng desig n in c
25、ludi ng compressi on ,exte nsion and torsi on spri ngs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload faste ners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.3 Machine DesignThe complete desig n of a mach ine is a complex process. The mach i
26、ne desig n is a creative work. Project engin eer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mecha ni cal draw ing, kin ematics, engin eerig material, materials mecha nics and mach ine manu facture tech no logy has the deep eleme ntary kno wledge.One of the first
27、 steps in the desig n of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's desig ners. The function of the product, its appeara nee, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A ca
28、reful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculatio ns.Careful calculati ons are n ecessary to en sure the validity of a desig n. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in origi nally desig ning the defective comp onen ts. The check ing
29、 of calculatio ns (and draw ing dime nsions) is of utmost importanee. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of desig n work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculati ons, a
30、nd provide exte nded an alysis of available data. In teractive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the con cepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist freque ntly discuss causes the machi ne which the people adapts th
31、em to operate. Desig ns pers onn el''s basic resp on sibility is dilige ntly causes the mach ine to adapt the people. This certa inly is not an easy work, because certa inly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Ano ther
32、 importa nt questio n, project engin eer must be able to carry on the exchangeand the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, desig ns the pers onnel to have to carry on the excha nge and the con sultati on on the prelim inary desig n with the adm ini strative pers onn el,
33、 and is approved. This gen erally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the mach ine desig n goal is the product ion can meet the huma n need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certa inly not n e
34、cessarily can bring the adva ntage to the huma nity, only has whe n they are applied can produce on the product the ben efit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do n eed this kind of productMust regard as the mach ine d
35、esig n is the mach ine desig n pers onnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manu facture tech no logy good opport uni ty. Grasps the project eleme ntary kno wledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more importa nt tha n
36、. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good desig n n eeds. On the other hand, should be earn est precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct desig n to turn
37、 wron gly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, desig ns the pers onnel to have to have to have the patie nee,because spends the time and the endeavor certainly
38、cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for people. Because many pers on of con servative ness, does this certa inly is not an easy matter. A mecha ni cal desig ner should un ceas in gly explore the improvement
39、 existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not un ifieditaftercon firmati onnewidea.机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量 的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相 机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非 机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机
40、械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时， 要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中,以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀 门、船舶以及搅拌机等。关键词 设计流程/设计规则/机械设计61设计流程设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效 率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能 执行的功能。在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任 何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制 图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路
41、。通常，还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中，使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面 的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、 重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关 重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这 些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、 加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性， 以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计
42、的过程是重复和合作的过程，无 论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符 合事先要求的，则再将对初步设计进行某些修改，使它能够在制造成本上 有所降低。产品的设计需要不断探索和发展。许多方案必须被研究、试验、 完善，然后决定使用还是放弃。虽然每个工程学问题的内容是独特的，但 是设计师可以按照类似的步骤来解决问题。产品的责任诉讼迫使设计人员和公司在选择材料时，采用最好的程序。 在材料过程中，五个最常见的问题为：不了解或者不会使用关于材料应用 方面的最新最好的信息资料；未能预见和考虑材料的合理用途（如有可能， 设计人员还应进一步
43、预测和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。在近 年来的许多产品责任诉讼案件中，由于错误地使用产品而受到伤害的原告 控告生产厂家，并且赢得判决)；所使用的材料的数据不全或是有些数据不 确定，尤其是当其性能数据长期不更新；质量控制方法不适当和未经验证； (e)由一些完全不称职的人员选择材料。通过对上述五个问题的分析，可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由而存 在的结论。对这些问题的研究分析可以为避免这些问题的出现而指明方向。 尽管采用最好的材料选择方法也不能避免发生产品责任诉讼，设计人员和 工业界按照适当的程序进行材料选择，可以大大减少诉讼的数量。从以上的讨论可以看出，选择材料的人们应该对材料的性质，特点
44、和 加工方法有一个全面而基本的了解。在随后生产和售后服务的几年中，要接受新观念的变化，或者由试验 和经验为基础，进一步分析并改进。2 一些设计规则在本节中，建议要运用创造性的态度来替代和改进。也许会创造出更 实用、更经济、更耐用的产品。为了激发创造性思维，下列是设计和分析的建议规则。前六个规则对 设计者来说特别适用。1. 要有创造性的利用所需要的物理性质和控制过程。2. 认识负载产生的影响及其意义。3. 预测没有想到的负载。4. 创造出对载荷更为有利的条件。5. 提供良好的应力分布和最小的刚度条件。6. 运用最简单的方程来优化体积和面积。7. 选择组合材料。8. 仔细选择所备的原料和不可缺少的
45、组件。9. 调整有效的设计方案，以适应生产过程和降低成本。10. 规定好准确的位置条件为了使组件安装时不干涉。机械设计包括一下内容：1. 对设计过程、设计所需要公式以及安全系数进行介绍。2. 回顾材料特性、静态和动态载荷分析，包括梁、振动和冲击载荷。3. 回顾应力的基本规律和失效分析。4. 介绍静态失效理论和静态载荷下机械断裂分析。5. 介绍疲劳失效理论并强调在压力条件下接近高循环的疲劳设计，这 通常用在旋转机械的设计中。6. 深入探讨机械磨损机理、表面接触应力和表面疲劳现象。7. 使用疲劳分析技术校核轴的设计。8. 讨论润滑油膜与滚动轴承的理论和应用。9. 深入介绍直齿圆柱齿轮的动力学、设计
46、和应力分析，并简单介绍斜 齿轮、锥齿轮和涡轮有关方面的问题。10. 讨论弹簧设计、螺杆等紧固件的设计，包括传动螺杆和预紧固 件。11. 介绍盘式和鼓式离合器以及制动器的设计和技术说明。3机械设计一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工 作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、 工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的 材料被今天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制 造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细 的评估。仔细精确的计算是
47、必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况 下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非 常重要的。一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失 败。设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现 有数据提供进一步的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅 助设计（CAD和计算机辅助制造（CAM成为了可能。心理学家经常谈论 如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来 适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有 人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。另一个重要问题，设
48、计工程师必 须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。在开始阶段，设计人员必须就初 步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，并得到批准。这一般是通过口头讨论， 草图和文字材料进行的。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、 发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产 品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前， 必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设 计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要 比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好 的设计中做出所
49、需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运 算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法， 而且愿意承担一定的风险， 当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心， 因为 所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不 是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法， 在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验 证的新观念结合起来。新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和 问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产 品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要 求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。参考文献1 Gnirss, G. Vibr