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1、unit6,Grant,and,Lee G G ra nt and Lee 1. When Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee met in the parlor of a modest house at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865, to work out the terms for the surrender of Lees Army of Northern Virginia, a great chapter in American life came to a close, and
2、 a great new chapter began. 2. These men were bringing the Civil War to its virtual finish. To be sure, other armies had yet to surrender, and for a few days the fugitive Confederate government would struggle desperately and vainly, try ing to find some way to go on living now that its chief support
3、 was gone. But in effect it was all over when Grant and Lee signed the papers. And the little room where they wrote out the terms was the scene of one of the poignant, dramatic contrasts in A merican history. 3. They were two strong men, these oddly different generals, and they represented the stren
4、gths of two conflicting currents that, through them, had come into final collision. 4 4. . Back of Robert E. Lee was the notion that the old aristocratic concept might somehow survive and be dominant in American life. 5. Lee was tidewater Virginia, and in his background were family, culture, and tra
5、dition the age of chivalry transplanted 欢迎下载 2 to a New World which was making its own legends and its own myths. H e embodied a way of life that had come down through the age of knighthood and the English country squire. America was a land that was beginning all over again, dedicated to nothing muc
6、h more complicated than the rather hazy belief that all men had equal ri ghts and should have an equal chance in the world. In such a land Lee stood for the feeling that it was somehow of advane to human society to have a pronounced inequality in the social structure. There should be a leisure class
7、, backed by ownership of land; in turn, society itself should be keyed to the land as the chief source of wealth and influence. It would bring forth (according to this ideal) a class of men with a strong sense of obligation to the community; men who lived not to gain advane for themselves, but to me
8、et the solemn obligations which had been laid on them by the very fact that they were privileged. From them the country would get its leadership; to them it could look for the higher values of thought, of conduct, of personal deport ment to give it strength and virtue. 6 6. . Lee embodied the nobles
9、t elements of this aristocratic ideal. Through him, the landed nobility justified itself. For four years, the Southern states had fought a desperate war to 欢迎下载 3 uphold the ideals for which Lee sto od. In the end, it almost seemed as if the Confederacy fought for Lee; as if he himself was the Confe
10、deracy the best thing that the way of life for which the Confederacy stood could ever have to offer. He had passed into legend before Appomattox. Thousan ds of tired, underfed, poorly clothed Confederate soldiers, long since past the simple enthusiasm of the early days of the struggle, somehow consi
11、dered Lee the symbol of everything for which they had been willing to die. But they could not quite put this feeling into words. If the Lost Cause, sanctified by so much heroism and so many deaths, had a living justification, its justification was General Lee. 7. Grant, the son of a tanner on the We
12、stern frontier, was everything Lee was not. He had come up the hard way and embodied nothing in particular except the eternal toughness and sinewy fiber of the men who grew up beyond the mountains. He was one of a body of men who owed reverence and obeisance to no one, who were self- - reliant to a
13、fault, who cared hardl y anything for the past but who had a sharp eye for the future. 8 8. . These frontier men were the precise opposite of the tidewater aristocrats. Back of them, in the great surge that had 欢迎下载 4 taken people over the Alleghenies and into the opening Western country, there was
14、a deep, implicit dissatisfaction with a past that had settled into grooves. They stood for democracy, not from any reasoned conclusion about the proper ordering of human society, but simply because they had grown up in the middle of democracy and knew how it worked. Their society might have privileg
15、es, but they would be privileges each man had won for himself. Forms and patterns meant nothing. No man was born to anything, except perhaps to a chance to show how far he could rise. Life was competiti on. 9 9. . Yet along with this feeling had come a deep sense of belonging to a national community
16、. The Westerner who developed a farm, opened a shop, or set up in business as a trader, could hope to prosper only as his own community prospered and his communi ty ran from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada down to Mexico. If the land was settled, with towns and highways and accessible ma
17、rkets, he could better himself. He saw his fate in terms of the nations own destiny. As its horizons expanded, so did his. He had, in other words, an acute dollars- - and- - cents stake in the continued growth and development of his country. 1 1 0. And that, perhaps, is where the contrast between Gr
18、ant 欢迎下载 5 and Lee becomes most striking. The Virginia aristocrat, inevitably, saw himsel f in relation to his own region. He lived in a a static society which could endure almost anything except change. Instinctively, his first loyalty would go to the locality in which that society existed. He woul
19、d fight to the limit of endurance to defend it, because in defending it he was defending everything that gave his own life its deepest meaning. 1 1 1. The Westerner, on the other hand, would fight with an equal tenacity for the broader concept of society. He fought so because everything he lived by
20、was tie d to growth, expansion, and a constantly widening horizon. What he lived by would survive or fall with the nation itself. He could not possibly stand by unmoved in the face of an attempt to destroy the Union. He would combat it with everything he had, be cause he could only see it as an effo
21、rt to cut the ground out from under his feet. 1 1 2. So Grant and Lee were in complete contrast, representing two diametrically opposed elements in American life. Grant was the modern man emerging; beyond him, ready to co me on the se, was the great age of steel and machinery, of crowded cities and
22、a restless burgeoning vitality. 欢迎下载 6 Lee might have ridden down from the old age of chivalry, lance in hand, silken banner fluttering over his head. Each man was the perfect champi on of his cause, drawing both his strengths and his weaknesses from the people he led. 1 1 3. Yet it was not all cont
23、rast, after all. Different as they were in background, in personality, in underlying aspiration these two great soldiers had much in common . Under everything else, they were marvelous fighters. Furthermore, their fighting qualities were really very much alike. 1 1 4. Each man had, to begin with, th
24、e great virtue of utter tenacity and fidelity. Grant fought his way down the Mississippi Valley in spite of acute personal discouragement and profound military handicaps. Lee hung on in the trenches at Petersburg after hope itself had died. In each man there was an indomitable quality the born fight
25、ers refusal to give up as long as he can still remai n on his feet and lift his two fists. 1 1 5. Daring and resourcefulness they had, too; the ability to think faster and move faster than the enemy. These were the qualities which gave Lee the dazzling campaigns of Second Manassas and Chancellorsvil
26、le and won V icksburg for Grant. 16. Lastly, and perhaps greatest of all, there was the ability, at the end, to turn quickly from war to peace once the fighting 欢迎下载 7 was over. Out of the way these two men behaved at Appomattox came the possibility of a peace of reconciliati on. It was a possibilit
27、y not wholly realized, in the years to come, but which did, in the end, help the two sections to become one nation again after a war whose bitterness might have seemed to make such a reunion wholly impossible. No part of either man s life became him more than the part he played in their brief meeting in the McLean house at Appomatox. Their behavior there put all succeeding generations of Americans in their debt. Two great Americans, Grant and Lee very different, yet under everythi ng very much alike. Their encounter at Appomattox was one of the great moments of American history.