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1、第十三节虚拟语气虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或纯粹 的空想等非真实情况。一 if非真实条件句中的虚拟语气1.1 f非真实条件句的基本用法由if引导的非真实条件句表示对现在、过去、将来的事实进行假设时，主句与从句中谓语 动词的形式可以分为以下三类：假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主语谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去式（be用were ）should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+ 过去分词与将来事实相反动词过去式，（should+ ）动词原形，wer
2、e to+动词原形should/would/could/might+动词原形The victim would have had a chance to survive if he had been taken to hospital intime.遇难者如果及时送往医院，他本来就有机会活下来的。（与过去事实相反）If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.如果我知道他的电话号码，我会告诉你。（与现在事实相反）If there should be a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.
3、如果下周日下大雪的话，我们就不去滑冰了。（表将来）专四真题If there were no subjunctive mood, English much easier to learn.could have beenB. would beC. will beD. would have been译文：如果没有虚拟语气，英语学习起来就会更容易了。分析：本题表示与现在事实相反的假设。表现与现在事实相反，条件从句用一般过去时，主句使用should(would)+动词原形，故 B为答案。A项could have been是对过去事实的假设，与从句所表示的现在事实不吻合；C项will be不可以用于虚寸语
4、气中；D是与过去事实相反的假设的虚拟语气从句形式。2 .省略if的虚拟条件句的用法在虚拟条件句中，如果从句中含有 were, had或should等词时，可将if省去，把were, had或should等提到主句之前，引起倒装。如果句中没有were, had 或should等，则不能省略if,也不能用倒装结构。专四真题for the fact that she broke her leg, she might passed the exam.Had it not been B. Hadn t it been C. Was it not D.W ere it not译文：要不是因为摔断了腿，他或
5、许已经通过了考试。分析：由于主语从句使用了might have done结构，说明此句表示的内容与过去事实相反，故条件状语从句中应该使用had done结构。若要将虚拟条件句中的连词省去，则需将助动词提到主语前面，否定词位置不变，因此 A项Had it not been为正确答案。3 .错综时间虚拟条件句有些时候，条件从句表示的动作和主语表示的动作发生在不同的时间，比如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的。这时，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据自己所指的不同时间选用 适当的虚拟形式。如：If they had invited me, I would go with them now.如果他邀请过我，我
6、现在就和他们一起走了。B.Were you surprised专四真题if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?A . Would you be surprisedC. Had you been surprisedD. Would you been surprised译文：如果我昨天不事先打招呼就来了，你会觉得吃惊吗？分析：这是一个错综时间虚拟条件句。 从句是对过去事实的假设，而主句问的是回答者现在的感受，因此主句应该为Would you be surprised,答案为 A。二介词或介词短语表示虚拟条件有些介
7、词或介词短语隐含条件之义，其虚拟形式与if引导的非真实条件状语从句类似,需根据从句所用的时态，来选择主句的谓语形式。这些词包括：without（没有），but for（要不是）,in the absence of（ 如果没有）,were it not for（要是没有）,but that（若不是）等。But for their help, we could not have finished the work on time.要不是他们的帮助，没有电，就没有现代工业。如果没有重力，地我们就不可能按时完成那项工作。（表过去）Without electricity, there would not
8、 be modern industry.（表现在）In the absence of gravity,there would be no air around the earth.球周围就没有空气。（表现在）三宾语从句中的虚拟语气1 .wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气主要形式为:表示对现在的假设时，从句的谓语动词为一般过去式（ be动词用were ）。表示对过去的假设时，从句的谓语动词为 had+过去分词或could/would have+ 过去分词”。表示对将来的愿望时，从句的谓语动词用 would/could/might+动词原形”。Sometimes I wish I lived in
9、 a different time and a different place.有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时间和空间里。（表现在）I wish I were as strong as you.我希望像你一样健壮。（表现在）He didn t go to the party, but he does wish he had been there.他没有去舞会，不过他很希望自己当时在那里。（表过去）I wish prices would come down.我希望物价能降下来。（表将来）2 .had hoped表示过去没有实现的愿望，意为“本来想要，但愿”，其后的宾语 从句用“ would+
10、动词原形”表示虚拟。I had hoped that I wouldn t bore you by talking about my children.但愿我谈论我的孩子没有使你厌倦。3 .would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well, would prefer之后的宾语从句用虚拟语气表示愿望，意为“宁愿”，“但愿”。表示对现在或将来的愿望：would rather/sooner+主语+动词过去时（be动词用were ）;表示对过去的愿望： would rather/sooner+主语+动词过去完成时。I would
11、 rather I had not gone to the party yesterday evening.要是我昨天晚上没有去参加那个晚会就好了。（表过去）I would rather/sooner you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。（表将来）4 .在表示命令、建议或要求等动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气，谓语形式为 “（should ） +动词原形”。这类动词有：ask （要求），advise （建议），suggest （建议）,request （请求；要求）,commend （推荐）,decide （决定）,determine （决定）,insist （坚持认为），in
12、tend （打算）,prefer （更喜欢； 宁愿）,propose （提议），order （命令），recommend（推荐），imagine （想象）等。他们I suggested that you （should ） try to understand him.我曾建议你试着去理解他。They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately. 要求立即撤出侵略军。【专四真题】 My boss ordered that the legal documents to him before lunch.b
13、e sent B.were sent C.were to be sent D.must be sent译文：我老板下令午饭前必须交给他那些法律文件。分析： 若主句谓语动词为 suggest, demand, order, propose, request等表示建议、要求、命令等语气的动词，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“ （should+）动词原形”， 因此选A。四主语从句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气用于主语从句的常见结构是 “It is+形容词/名词/过去分词+that引导的主语从句”，主语从句的谓语动词为“ （should ） +动词原形”。适用此结构的词包括：形容词：advisable
14、（可取的，明智的）,appropriate （适当的），desirable （想要的）,essential （必需的）,fundamental （基本的）,imperative （命令的）,important （重要的）,necessary （必要的），proper （适当的），urgent （紧急的，急迫的），vital （至关重要的）等。名词：a pity （可惜），a shame （耻辱；羞愧），no wonder that（难怪）等。过去分词： arranged（安NE,计戈U） , desired （渴望）,requested（请求）,suggested（建议）,recommende
15、d（推荐）,required（必需）,demanded （要求）等。It is essential that these application forms（should ） be sent as early as possible. 重要的是把这些申请表尽早寄出去。It is highly desirable that a new president（should ） be appointed for this college.大家非常希望一位新校长来管理这所大学。【专四真题】 It is imperative that the government more investment into
16、 the shipbuilding industry.A. attractsB. shall attractC. attractD. has to attract译文：势在必行的是，政府应该在船坞制造业吸引更多的投资。分析：It is imperative that 表明that从句需要使用虚拟语气，其形式为 should+动词原形”，其中should可以省略，故答案为Co五 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、 主张、目的、愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中的常用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式为“ （should ） +动词原形”。这类名词有： suggestion （建议）,p
17、roposal （提议，建议）,requirement （要求）,order（命令）,demand （要求）,decision （决定）,advice （建议）,desire （要求）,idea （主 意）,importance （重要性）,instruction （指示）,necessity （需要；必需）,motion （提 议），preference （优先考虑）,recommendation （推荐；建议）,resolution （解决）,request（要求）等。His desire is that he （should ） be buried next to his wife. 他
18、希望死后与妻子合葬。The suggestion that the mayor （should ） present the prizes was acceptedbyeveryone.每个人都接受了让市长来颁奖的建议。【专四真题】 He left orders that nothing touched until the police arrived here.A. should beB. ought to beC. must be D. would be译文：他留下命令说警察到这里之前不得碰任何东西。分析：orders表明其后同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，形式为“（should+ ）动
19、词原形”，故选项A正确。六 状语从句中的虚拟语气1.在as if或as though引导的方式状语从句中，若从句的内容并非现实，则需 用虚拟语气。表示从句与主句动作同时发生，从句谓语动词用were或动词过去式；表示从句动作可能在将来发生，从句谓语动词用“ could/ would +动词原形”；表示从句谓语的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句谓语动词用“ had +过去分词”。It seems as if it was （were） spring already .现在仿佛已经是春天了。（表现在）It seems as if he would recover .看来他好像会康复。（表将来）It se
20、ems as if she had been to England.好像她到过英国似的。（表过去）*注意：as if引导方式状语从句时，若说话人对从句所表达的内容较有把握，则用陈述语气。如：It looksas if it is going to rain .看来要下雨了。2 .虚拟语气用在even if, as等引导的让步状语从句中，从句谓语可参照由if引导的虚拟条件从句的谓语，用一般过去时、过去完成时或动词原形。注意even if 从句里可用虚拟动词表示与事实相反，even though则是就事论事，不用虚拟。Even if he were my brother, I would not
21、trust him .即使他是我哥哥，我也不会信任他。（他不是我哥哥）Even though he is my brother, I don t trust him. 尽管他是我哥哥，我还是不信任他。（事实上他是我哥哥）Even if it rains tomorrow, we won t change our plans.即使明天下雨, 我也不会改变计划。Even if I had met him, I wouldn t have told him about our plan.即使我见过他， 我也不会告诉他我们的计划。【专四真题】 Much as, I couldn t lend him
22、the money because I simply didn t have that much spare cash.A.I would have liked toB .I would like to haveC.I should have to likeD.I should have liked to译文尽管我很想借钱给他，但是没法借，因为我没有那么多的闲钱。【详解】much as引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，该从句为与过去相反的虚拟语气，谓 语使用 would have done ,故答案为 A,其中to后省略了 lend him the money, 以避免重复。D项表示“应该”，而
23、不表意愿。3 .在 whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气的结构为“ may +动词原形(指现在或将 来)”或“may+完成式(指过去)”，主句结构不限。I will be waiting for him no matter how late he may come.不管他来得多么晚，我者B会一直等他。4 .在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为should+动词原形，主句结构不限。Although Though h
24、e should often be late ,he is a good student.尽管他经常迟至L 他还是个好学生。5.lest,in case,for fear that 以防，万一，唯恐引导目的状语从句常用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should+ 动词原形。Lest,for fear that 从句中的should 可以省去，in case 从句中的should通常不省H但是in case引导的从句也可用陈述语气。He took the raincoat with him lest it(should) rain.他带上了雨衣，以防下雨。I obeyed her lest she (sh
25、ould)be angry.我得顺着她，免得她生气。万一他来了，告诉我一声。 (陈述语气)I will not make a noise for fear that I(should )disturb you.我不会做声的，以免打扰你。In case he comes,let me know.七其他句型中的虚拟语气1.1 t is (high /about)time 结构在It is (high/ about)time that后面跟虚拟语气，谓语动词通常用一般过去式，有时也用should+动词原形，意为该是干的时候了。如：It is high time that we went home n
26、ow.我们现在该回家了。*注意：句型It s the first /second /third time that表示一种经历，that从句要使用完成时态。如：It s the fifth time that he has rung you in a week.这是他在一周之内第 5次给你打电话了。专四真题That was not the first time he us.I think it s high time we strongactions against him.A.betrayed takeB.had betrayed -tookC.has betrayed -tookD.has
27、 betrayed - take译文：那不是他第一次背叛我们。我认为我们该对他采取强硬措施了。分析：当句子里有序数词 first/ second/ third 时，后面的定语从句要用完成时态，前一个句子是过去时，所以应该用过去完成时，即had betrayed;后一句使用了 It is high time 句型，其从句的谓语动词要用过去式，表示对现在事实的虚拟，即 took.2.1 f only引导的感叹句表示“但愿，要是就好了”，其用法和wish基本相同， 只是感情色彩更强烈。表示现在的情况，谓语动词用过去式；表示过去的情况，谓语动词用过去完成式；表示将来的情况，谓语动词用 would/ c
28、ould +动词原形”。If only he were here!如果他在这里就好了！(表现在)If only I had not been busy yesterday!要是昨天我不忙该多好啊！（表过去）If only you would listen to our advice.要是你会听我们的建议就好了。（表将来）3.intended/ meant /hoped/ wished /planned或 was/ were + 不定式完成式或 had intended/ planned/ meant/ hoped/ wished +不定式般式暗示虚拟语气，表示“本计划/打算/想要I inten
29、ded to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.我本来打算要拜访你的，但是当时很忙。典型真题训练1.1 the party much more if there hadnt been quite such a crowd of peoplethere .A. would enjoy B. will have enjoyed C. would have enjoyed D. will be enjoyed2. If you explained the situation to your solicitor , he able to a
30、dvise you muchbetter than I can .A. would be B. will have been C. was D. were3. If you in such a hurry you sugar into the sauce instead of salt .A. were not, would not putB. were, would putC. had been, would have putD. had not been, would not have put4. their help, we would not have succeeded .A.Had
31、nt been for B. Had it not been for C. It hadnt been for D. Had not itbeen for5. She asked that she allowed to see her son in police custody .A. would be B. could be C. be D. was6. It is necessary that he the assignment without delay .A. hand in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in7. It is a
32、bsolutely essential that William his study in spite of some learning difficulties .A. will continue B.continued C. continue D. continues8. If only I play the guitar as well as you !A. would B. could C. should D. might9. you further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice .A. If ,
33、had B. Have , had C. Should , have D. In case , had10. It was recommended that passengers smoke during the flight .A. not B. need not C. could not D. would not11. If you have really been studying English for so long , its about time you able to write letters in English .A. should be B. were C. must
34、be D. are12. I was to have made a speech if.A. I was not called away B. nobody would have called me awayC. I had not been called awayD. nobody called me away13. Its getting late . Id rather you now .A. leftB. leave C. are leavingD. will leave14. Its high time we cutting down the rainforests.A. stopp
35、ed B. had to stop C. shall stop D. stop15. If only the patient a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, hemight still be alive now .A. had received B. received C. should receive D. were receiving 16.your advice, I would have made the wrong decisionA. Hadn t it been for B. Had it not b
36、een for C. Had it been for D. Had not it been for17. “If I were you, I wouldnt wait to propose to her. The subjunctive mood in the sentence is used to.A. alleviate hostility B. express unfavorable feelings C. indicate uncertainty D. make a suggestion18. At that moment, with the crowd watching me, I
37、was not afraid in the ordinary sense, as if I alone.A. would have been had been B. should be had beenC. could be were D. might have been were19 .your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work.A. UnlessB. But for C. Except forD. Not for20 .The generals command was that the sold
38、iers _their fort and carry out more important task.A. would leave B. leave C. left D. have left21 . It s desired that she to teach us at least twice a week.A. comes B. will com C. come D. may come22 . Which of the following sentences contains subjunctive mood?.A. Lucy insisted that her son get home
39、before 5 o clock?B. She used to drive to work, but now she takes the city metro.C. Walk straight ahead, and dont turn till the second traffic lights.D. Paul will cancel his flight if he cannot get his visa by Friday.23.If I knew Japanese , I for the position.A. would applyB. will apply C. may have a
40、pplied D. will have applied24.He would have finished his college education, but he to quit and find a job tosupport his family.A. had hadB. hasC. had D. would have25.1, he would not have recovered so quickly.A. Hadnt he been taken good care ofB. Had he not been taken good care ofC. Had not he been t
41、aken good care ofD. Had he been not taken good care of虚拟语气模拟练习题1 .my umbrella with me when I came out this morning,I should not be so wetnow.A.Had I taken B. Will I take C. Have I taken D. Would I taken2 . Professor James suggested that his students a composition about air pollution.A. writeB. to wr
42、iteC. wrote D. had written3.1 f you had told the truth to your principal, he able to give you much bettersuggestions than I can.A. were B. was C. will have been D. would be4. The art exhibition was not as good as I had expected. I wish I to it.A. hadn t gone B. haven t gone C. didn t goD. could not
43、have gone5. If Henryunder the ladder to catch her when she fell, she couldn t be smilinglike this now.A. didn t stood B. hadn t stood C. doesn t stood D. hasn t stood6. All substances, liquid or or solid, are made up of atoms.A. be they gases B. whether they are gasesC. they are gases D. they can be
44、 gases7. Put an extra blanket over the baby for fear thatA. he catches cold B. he should catch cold C. he caught coldD. he be catchingcold8. Helen with her class if she had been able to meet all of the course requirementin time.A. will graduate B. would have graduated C. would graduateD. has graduat
45、ed9. Look at the terrible situation I am in. If only I your advice.A.follow B. had followed C. would followD. have followed10. If you more than a week to take care of your baby in the hospital, ask the topmanager for a leave.A. will needB. would needC. should needD. shall need11. It is essential tha
46、t misunderstanding during business negotiationsA. be avoided B. is avoided C. will be avoided D. has to be avoided12. I don t think it is advisable that sheher little baby of his freedom to spendthe spare time as he wish.A. deprive B. deprives C. deprived D. has deprived13. if I had attended your ho
47、me party yesterday without informing you beforehandA. Would you have been surprisedB. Had you been surprisedC. Were you surprisedD. Would you be surprised14.1 t is recommended that the projectuntil all the preparations have been madeA. won t start B. shouldn t start C. won t be started D. shouldn t be started15. In my eyes,