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1、English LiteratureChapters 12,Key Points in Chapter 1,The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) PeriodHistory of InvasionAnglo-SaxonsCaedmonBeowulfKing Alfred the GreatBeowulfsignificanceOutline of the StoryMedieval Literature: A Brief Introduction1066Norman ConquestMiddle EnglishFeudal SocietyThe Arthurian Leg
2、endsSir Gawain and the Green KnightRobin HoodJohn Wycliffe,The Old English Period,History of Invasions5th century BC: tribal kingdoms of Celtic people55 BC: invaded by the Roman Empire (under control for over 400 years)5th Century: by Germanic people: the Angles and the SaxonFrom the late 8th centur
3、y on: by ferocious Vikings from Scandinavia1066: by Normans from northern France, descendants of Vikings,The Old English Period,Anglo-Saxons5th century invaded and defeated the Celts and the RomansA branch of Germanic tribes597 AD: began to be converted to ChristianityBasically barren in literary cr
4、eation,The Old English Period,CaedmonSecond half of the 7th centuryThe first known poet in English literary history,The Old English Period,King Alfred the Great9th centuryDefeated a wave of invasionsBrought peace, security and prosperityBuilt schools, wrote annals, and encouraged cultural growthDeci
5、ded that literature should be written in the vernacular, or Old English,Beowulf,SignificanceThe only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxon periodAn epic of well over 3,000 linesProbably the greatest epic ever left by the ancient Germanic tribesThe most ancient ever since the demise of th
6、e Greek and Roman literature,Beowulf,Outline of the Story8th centuryScandinavia, Sweden, Denmark, King HrothgarSea monsters Grendel and his motherFiery dragon,Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction,1066Norman ConquestMiddle EnglishFeudal Society1066: the French-speaking Normans conquered EnglandT
7、he last Anglo-Saxon King Harold died in the battle of HastingsMarked the beginning of the Middle English or Anglo-Norman periodEstablishment of the Feudal System, 1381 Peasant Rising, the completion of the Domesday Book (土地调查清册，末日审判书) ，the launching of the Crusade, the signing of the Magna Carter (大
8、宪章) in 1215, the war with France or the Hundred Years War,Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction,The Arthurian Legends1147: Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britannia, collected the legends about the kingEnriched by a good number of later writersSome stories include those of the Holy Grail, M
9、erlin， Sir Lancelot, Quest for the Holy Grail, and the death of the king.The Celtic King Arthur became a national hero for the English nationThe legend had always been popular on the European continent,Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction,Sir Gawain and the Green KnightOne important story in th
10、e Arthurian legend.4-par work of 2,530 lines in 101 sectionsKnighthood under the scrutiny of the Christian lens is found wantingWritten in north Midland dialect,Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction,Robin Hood Collection of 15th century medieval ballads about Robin HoodRobin Hood, the hero of th
11、e poor, the enemy of the rich and the powerfulThe ballads are many in number, “Robin hood and the Monk,” “Robin Hood and the Guy of Gisborne,” “Robin Hood and the Porter,” Lytell Geste of Robin Hood,Medieval Literature: A Brief Introduction,John Wycliffe (1320-1384)An Oxford ScholarThe translation o
12、f the Bible from the sonorous Latin Vulgate Version into Middle EnglishFar-reaching influence upon the evolution of the English languagePrecursor of Martin Luthers ReformationAll his life he kept speaking vehemently against the Pope and the whole religious hierachyHis followers formed what later cam
13、e to be known as the Lollard movement.,Key Points in Chapter 2,Geoffrey ChaucerFirst Prominent English PoetWorksChaucer and English LanguageThe Canterbury TalesFeatures of Chaucers Narration in The Canterbury TalesMajor Characters in The Canterbury TalesThe Pre-Elizabethan Period: A Brief Introducti
14、on3 Major Events Turning the Middle Ages into the Modern TimeReformationRenaissanceThomas MoreUtopia,Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400),First Prominent English PoetChaucer was the first prominent poet in history and ranks with Shakespeare as the most popular and most widely read of all poets today. He has
15、 been one of the major influences on writers of later generations not only in England but also across the world.Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular Middle English, rather
16、than French or Latin.,Geoffrey Chaucer,WorksCanterbury TalesThe Book of the DuchessThe House of FameThe Parliament of FowlsTroilus and Criseyde,Geoffrey Chaucer,Chaucer and English LanguageSometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to
17、demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular Middle English, rather than French or Latin.,Geoffrey Chaucer,The Canterbury TalesA collection of 20-odd storiesThe stories are framed by means of a fictitious pilgrimageThe stories in the Tales come from different sources. These include, among o
18、thers, the French sources, the Italian, the biblical, the Asian, and folklore.,Geoffrey Chaucer,Features of Chaucers Narration in The Canterbury Tales The salient features of Chaucers narration are its enormous sense of humor, its loyalty to reality, and its infinite sense of humanity.Chaucers galle
19、ry of portraits of the people is ambitious: they come from virtually all walks of life, from the upper strata all the way down the ladder to the lower.His portrayal of the people is amazingly selective and inclusive.,Geoffrey Chaucer,Major Characters in The Canterbury TalesParson, nuns, monk, friar,
20、 summoner, pardoner, Merchant, the Wife of Bath, haberdasher (男子服饰经销商，杂货商), dyer, carpenter, weaver, carpet maker, skipper （船长）,The Pre-Elizabethan Period: A Brief Introduction,3 Major Events Turning the Middle Ages into the Modern TimeThe ReformationThe RenaissancePrinting from movable type,John Wy
21、cliffe,Marin Luther,The Pre-Elizabethan Period: A Brief Introduction,ReformationThe first voice of revolt came from John WycliffeThe Reformation first started in Germany by Martin LutherHe nailed his 95 theses on to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, just to start a discussion of matters r
22、elevant to the faith and the church.The followers of the movement, distinct now from the Catholics, became known as the Protestants, and the Reformation has also been known in history as the Protestant Reformation.They believe in the doctrine of justification by faith, that mans justification or sal
23、vation depends on the grace of God which comes through faith alone.,The Pre-Elizabethan Period: A Brief Introduction,RenaissanceThe reformation indicated that man had made considerable progress in his epistemology. There appeared individual expression and critical thinking,The Renaissance, or the re
24、birth or revival of classical learning, first began in 14th century Italy.For the first time in history, the medieval minds saw the beauty of the human form and learned about the importance of human life and human values.Man began to live for his own sake more than for God and for the next world.Hum
25、anism as a movement came into existence.,Thomas More (1478-1535),UtopiaPublished in Latin in 1516, translated into English in 1551.Utopia takes a look forward to the future of man and offers an ideal which has inspired generations of serious social thinkers, political scientists, writers as well as
26、humankind as a whole ever since its publication.,I The making of England,Who were the early inhabitants in the island of Britain? Britons, a tribe of CeltsWhere did the Celts come from? Powerful Celts in central and north Europe from 750 BC to 12 BCmainland Celts (Gauls) and island Celts (Britons an
27、d Gaels)Gaels in Scotland and Ireland speaking Gaelic,II Roman Conquest,In 55 BC, Julius Caesar, the Roman Conqueror, occupied Britain. In 410, Roman Empire fell into decline.,Significance of Roman conquest,left no deep impression on its national lifeRoman mode of life: theatres and baths in the tow
28、ns (the city of Bath)Appearance of Roman streets and city ancient London city,Bath, Englands world heritage city,Founded in Roman ConquestFamous for its hot springsJane Austins second home: Bath museum Wife of Bath,Royal Crescent and the Circus built in the 18th century,Beowulf on the screen,Henry V
29、II and Tudor Dynasty,Chaucers life (1344-1400),Born in 1343 in LondonAs a son of a wine merchant and deputy to the kings butlerLittle known about his education, he could read French, Latin and Italian. Was appointed to the household of the Countess of Ulster in 1357 and started his royal service sin
30、ce then.,5) In 1359-1360, went to France with Edward IIIs army during the Hundred Years War. 6) Got married in 13667) Went abroad several times for diplomatic and commercial missions.8) especially in Italy, he met Boccaccio and Petrarch in 1372-73, much influence by the Italian humanists, such as Da
31、nte.,9) Died in 1400 and buried in the poets corner of Westminster Abby 10) Chaucers monument was erected in 1555.,The Canterbury Tales,A pilgrimage of 30 people on a route to and from Canterbury (England)To tell stories to amuse themselves on the wayHarry Bailly, the innkeeper, promised a free meal
32、 for the best-storyteller,In structure: prologue and 24 stories (intended to have more than 100 stories and kept unfinished and handed down in manuscripts)Prologue serves as a brief introduction, to enable readers to have a general view of the whole content. Among the 24 individual stories, 2 in pro
33、se and 22 in verse form.,Wife of Baths Tele,The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence.,The famous lines in Canterbury Tales,Whan that Aprill, with his shoures sooteThe droghte of March hath perced to the rooteAnd bathed every veyne in swich licour,Of which ver
34、tu engendred is the flour;Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breethInspired hath in every holt and heethThe tendre croppes, and the yonge sonneHath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,And smale foweles maken melodye,That slepen al the nyght with open eye-(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);Thanne lo
35、ngen folk to goon on pilgrimages -in Middle English,Modern English version,When in April the sweet showers fall That pierce Marchs drought to the root and all And bathed every vein in liquor that has power To generate therein and sire the flower; When Zephyr also has with his sweet breath, Filled ag
36、ain, in every holt and heath, The tender shoots and leaves, and the young sun His half-course in the sign of the Ram has run, And many little birds make melody That sleep through all the night with open eye (So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage) Then folk do long to go on pilgrimage,当四月轻柔的甘霖彻底解除了三月的旱情浸透了每一根枝条由此激发出来的生命力孕育了花儿朵朵当带着阵阵香味的和风为树丛和田野中的嫩条带来新芽当春分的太阳,在白羊星座中走完了一半的路程当大自然激起了小鸟的本能在睁着一只眼度过黑夜之后开始唱歌人们渴望踏上朝圣之路云游四方的圣徒期待着踏上各国奇妙的土地和远方的圣殿涌向坎特伯雷,去朝谢备受尊敬的殉教圣人他们的救病恩主托马斯阿贝克特,