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1、高中英语语法课程目 录 第一章 零基础学员语法讲解. 3 第二章 高考时态和语态. 27 第三章 定语从句 40 第四章 名词性从句 49 第五章 状语从句 58 第六章 非谓语形式 67 第七章 情态动词. 88 第八章 虚拟语气 93 第九章 特殊句式(倒装， 强调，省略，主谓一致)97 各语法板块答案 略 1 第一章零基础学员语法讲解 一 英语句子的分类 1.英语句子种类按功能和作用可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，感叹句;句子按其结构可以分为简单句，并列句，复合句。 (一)按功能和作用句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，感叹句四类。 1)陈述句:说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。 Light tr
2、avels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。 The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。 2)疑问句:提出问题。(特殊疑问词包括what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why，how 九个)，有以下四种: a. 一般疑问句 Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗, b. 特殊疑问句 , Where do you live? 你住那儿, c. 选择疑问句 Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡, d. 反意疑问句 (前
3、肯后否，前否后肯) He doesnt know her, does he? 他不认识她，对不对, 3)祈使句:提出请求，建议或发出命令 (祈使句中的主语都是You, 但常被省略)。 Dont be nervous! 别紧张 Dont close the door. 4)感叹句:表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。 What good news it is! 多好的消息啊 How beautiful the flowers is! (二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类 1.简单句:只包含一个主谓结构或者主系表的句子叫简单句。 基本句型:英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、
4、变化而来的。 1) 主 + 动(SVi):I work. 我工作。 2)主 + 动 + 表(SVP):John is busy. 约翰忙。 3)主 + 动 + 宾(SVO):She studies English. 她学英语。 4)主 + 动 + 宾 + 补(SVOC):Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。 + 直宾(SVOiOd):My mother made me a new dress. 我母 5)主 + 动 + 间宾亲给我做了一件新衣裳。 2.并列句:由两个或两个以上并列或者独立的简单句构成。 按并列连词表达的关系不同可分为下面几种: 2 1) 表
5、示转折意思 : but , yet , however , whereas, while ，nevertheless等。 Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself . He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English . John has his shortcomings; however, that doesnt mean he is not qualified for
6、the job . 2)表示因果关系: so , for，therefore , hence等。 Youd better take an umbrella with you, for its going to rain. Ive got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now. 我要去开个会，我得走了。 You are in the right , therefore we should support you . The town was built on the side of a hill, hence its named Hillside. 这
7、个小镇建在山旁，所以叫"山旁"。 3)表示递进关系:and , neither nor , not onlybut (also), bothand, not ?but， as well as等。 She came to my house yesterday evening, and I went to hers . Do it this way or youll be in trouble . 你就这么办，不然你会有麻烦的。 He doesnt know your address, neither / nor do I. 他不知道你的地址，我也不知道。 4)选择关系:or
8、, eitheror，otherwise 等。 Do it this way or youll be in trouble . 你就这么办，不然你会有麻烦的。 3.复合句:包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。 从属关系的复合句包括名词性从句(包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)、定语从句、状语从句。 词 二 名1. 规则可数名词的复数形式 规则变化:一般加-s; 以s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词加-es; 辅音音标加y结尾的去y加ies，元音音标加y结尾的直接加s; 把f/ fe变成ves; 以o结尾的有生命的加es(黑人英雄在火山上吃土豆西红柿)，
9、无生命的加s. 1)keys , three Henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes 2) 缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或s都可 some VIPs (VIPs); in his 50s / 50s; in the 1990s / 1990s; There are two ts in the word letter. 2.不规则名词的复数形式 1) men , children , feet, teeth, geese
10、, mice; oxen等; 2)单复数形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工厂); Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, 3 fruits, fishes, metals等表示种类); 3)只有复数形式:trousers, glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目录); goods; customs(海关); arms(武器); 4)复合名词的复数形式 five men doctors, shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; pas
11、sers-by; daughters-in-law 5)表示某国人的复数形式 A单复一样 Chinese / Japanese B 把man变成men Englishmen/ Frenchmen; C其它加s Germans 3. 不可数名词的量化 用some / a little / much等表示数量的词(组)及单位名词(量词)，用得较多的有piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等:a piece of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing
12、 / music / work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate ; two head of cattle 4.不可数名词具体化 These games are great successes. The party was a great success. 5. 名词的所有格: 1)表示有生命的名词后加s或者s. 如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加s Jack and Toms room(两人共有的房间); Jacks and Toms rooms(两人各自的房间); 2)
13、?表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示:the windows of the room; 注意:表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加s Chinas industry; todays paper; ten minutes walk 某店铺等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词 表示某人家里at my aunts (house); at the doctors (office); go to the chemists (shop) ?双重所有格 ?a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / ev
14、ery / several / such / another / which 等+名词+of + 名词所有格 ?修饰限定词 + 名词 + 名词性物主代词(表示部分的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如:赞赏、讨厌等); 比较: a friend of her mothers她母亲的一个朋友(强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格) a friend of her mother她母亲的朋友(强调两人间的关系，为of所有格) a picture of his brothers(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人) 4 a picture of his brother(他弟弟本人的一张照片，照
15、片上就是他本人) ?用 to 表示所有关系 the key to the door the answer to the question the ticket to the game the way to the museum 6.名词作定语修饰名词:前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途; 1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上 shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式:sales manager; sports meet; 由man / woman与另
16、一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数:men/ women doctors; 2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义: a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 装灰尘的袋子/ a dusty bag布满灰尘的袋子 a gold watch 一只金表(表材质)/ a golden watch一只金黄色的表 7.英语中很多的表达: 只修饰可数名词: quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of 只修饰不可数名词: a great deal of / a great amount of (
17、great amounts of) 既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词: plenty of / a lot of ( lots of ) / a (large) quantity of / large quantities of 三 冠 词 1.不定冠词 a/ an的主要用法 1)表一个每一个(=per/one)某一个(=a certain / some/one) eight hours a day; a Mr. Smith 2)首次提到的某人或者某事物。 There is a river near my hometown. 3)用于序数词前，表示又一，再一 Lucy wants to lear
18、n a second language . 4)a / an + 抽象名词 表示具体的人或物。 a pleasure / success / failure/ comfort / shame a / an +某些物质名词表示 一阵 一份等,如: a heavy rain; 5) 用于固定搭配中。 2.定冠词the的主要用法: 1)特指的，第二次提到或双方共知的人或物(包括特指的不可数名词). 2)世界上独一无二的事物或表示方位名词及发明物前. the universe; the sun; the moon; He invented the wheel; 3)用在序数词及形容词最高级前(但:my
19、 first visit to the Great Wall) 按: by the dozen / yard / hour; 4)表计量单位的名词前,表示5)与形容词或分词连用表示某一类人或事(或某国家的人) the old / sick / Chinese; 5 the living 生者 the wounded 伤员 6)用于姓氏的复数形式前表示夫妇两人或某一家人: the Browns 7)年代的名词前表示某十年代 in the 1990s 8)在表示江河,海洋,山脉,群岛,海峡,海湾等名词前 the Yellow Sea; the English Channel; the Rocky
20、Mountains; 9)在由普通名词构成的表示机构、国家、建筑、历史朝代、三军、报刊,、杂志等名词前 the Song Dynasty ; the World Trade Center; the Peoples Daily; the Times; the University of Beijing ( Beijing University) 10)乐器名词前: play the violin; 11)对两人/物间进行比较表示特定的一个时(the+比较级) He is the taller of the twins; 12)句型the+比较级, the+比较级中 The higher you
21、stand, the farther youll see. 3(零冠词的用法 1)抽象和物质名词前(除非表示特定时); 2)星期,季节,月份的名词前 (比较:in winter / in the winter of 2000 ; on Sunday / on a Sunday in May); 3)三餐饭前(比较:have lunch / have a big lunch); 4)球类或棋类名词前(play cards / chess); 5)表示学科的名词前; 6)by+交通工具的名词前(by car =in a car); 7)表示节假日的名词前(但:the Mid-Autumn Fest
22、ival或可说成Mid-Autumn Day); 8)在称呼语前及表示人的职位,头衔,身份的名词在句中作表语,补足语及同位语时(在as后也常省略); 9)指家中雇佣的cook, nurse, teacher等时不用冠词并且大写 He was made Monitor of our class; Whats the matter, Grandpa? 10)动词turn后的名词前不用冠词(但become后接可数名词单数时要加冠词) turn doctor=become a doctor; 11)word表示 消息 诺言时不用冠词: leave word / keep ones word / a m
23、an of his word; 12)man表示 人类时不用冠词; 13)连词as(虽然)引导倒装句中的名词前不用冠词; 14)在一些表示街名,广场名,公园名,大学名,国名,人名等专有名词前:Nanjing Road; Tian An Men Square; Hyde Park (但:the Peoples Park); Yale University ( the University of Yale) 15)如果名词前是零冠词，翻译它时必须与名词的功能有关at (the) table; in (the) prison; at (the) sea; by (the) sea ; by (the
24、) hand; go to (the) hospital; 6 on (the) earth; out of (the) question; by (the) day; in (the) front of ; (the) three of us; the / a number of; have a word/ words with sb.; a singer and (a) dancer ; a knife and (a)fork ; a / the second time ; a / the most beautiful city 4.冠词的位置: 1)all / both / half /
25、 many / double / such / what / quite+ 冠词+(形容词)+名词: half the books ; many a student ; such a fine day; What a lovely present! quite a big meal 2)as / so / how / too+形容词+冠词+名词: so fine a day; too difficult a problem; as clever a boy as you 四 代 词 1.代词的分类 ?在句中作主语用主格，在句中作宾语,则用宾格; She teaches them physics
26、. ?在句中作表语常用宾格; Who is it? Its me. 7 在强调句型中,强调的是主语,故I用主格。 ?两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其顺序是: 单数按2，3，1人称排列，复数按1，2，3人称顺序排列。 you, she and I ; we, you and they 3.物主代词 ?形容词性物主代词只能作宾语 We love our motherland. ?名词性物主代词可用作主语,表语和宾语 Your coat is black while mine is red. 4.反身代词 ?用作宾语、表语，或主语、宾语的同位语 He teaches himself Japanes
27、e every evening.(宾语) She is not quite herself today.她今天身体不太舒服。(表语) I myself can repair the bike.(主语的同位语) ?常用含有反身代词的惯用语归纳 by oneself= alone 独自 for oneself独立、为自己 be oneself处于正常状态,显得自然 enjoy oneself玩得愉快 seat oneself坐下 dress oneself in 给自己穿 devote oneself to专心于、献身于 help oneself to 自行取用、不用客气 come to ones
28、elf苏醒 make oneself at home 不要客气 5.指示代词 ?this和that是近指, that和those 是远指 I dont want this book. I want that one. ?this和that都可代表前面提到过的事情,若出现两个名词,指代前面的用that指代较后面的用this;但若指下文将要叙述事情,则只能用this，不能用that。此外，还可用于代替上文中出现过个单数可数名词或不可数名词，且后面带有of短语修饰。 Health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that.
29、 健康胜于财富;财富不会像健康那样带来那么多幸福(句中this=wealth; that=health) They cant afford it. That/this is their problem. What I want you to remember is this :English is of great use.(此句中this不能用that替换) The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou. ?such的用法 such 一般在句中作定语和主语.用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在之后。 Such is
30、my answer. Such are the results of the exams. I have never seen such beautiful flowers. 用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在such之后such a good book。 6.相互代词 ?在句中可作宾语 8 They help each other and learn from each other. ?加s后成为所有格,作定语 They asked about one anothers life and work. 7.不定代词 不定代词种类较多,在使用时应注意其用法与区别。为了便于记忆我们择其重
31、点以表格的形式列出。 9 10 8.it的用法 ?用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事情。 This bike is not mine. Its Peters. 11 ?用以代替提示代词this, that What is this? Its a pen. Whose book is that? Its Mikes. ?起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物 Who is knocking at the door? Its me. Who is making such a noise. It must be the children. ?指环境情况;时间，季节，天气，气候;指距离等。 It was ver
32、y quiet at the moment. What time is it? It is eight oclock. It often rains in summer. It is five kilometers from the office to my home. It is a long way to the factory. ?作形式主语和形式宾语 当动词不定式,动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语 It is not easy to finish the work in two days. It is not a good habit to sta
33、y up late. It is no use crying over split milk. It is a pity that you didnt read the book. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式,动名词,宾语从句时,往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前 I think it no use arguing with him. I found it very interesting to study English. He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. 注意:see
34、to it that(务必)和take it for granted that(想当然)句型中的it，以及词 组make it(做事成功，搞定)中的it。 9.区别以下几组词: 1)none, nothing, no one(nobody) ?none:(指三个以上之中)没有任何(人、物)，常用来否定回答以How many/ How much? 引起的疑问句。可以后接介词短语of;作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。 e.g. - How many sheep did you see on the hill? - None. - Please give me some ink. - So
35、rry, there is none(no ink) left. None of the students could answer the question, which made the teacher disappointed ?nothing:(视为单数)没什么，无事，常用来否定回答What. e.g. After the fire, nothing was left on the hills. Nothing did he say and he went home silently. ?no one= nobody:没有一个人，只能指人，是单数，常用来否定回答Who?的疑问句，后面不
36、可接of介词短语。 e.g. - Who broke the window? - No one. It broke of itself. 12 2)it / they， one / ones， the one / the ones ，that / those it / they:用来指前面所提及的名词本身，起替代作用，避免重复; e.g. He bought a pen. It cost him 50 yuan. / He has two brothers. They are both workers. one / ones:用来指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个，是泛指; 还可以泛指人。
37、e.g. - Do you have a camera? - No, but my father has one. A chair made of iron is usually heavier than one made of wood. One can not be too careful when crossing the road. the one / the ones:用来特指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个。 e.g. - Im looking for a pen. - How do you like the one in the box? - Who are the boys?
38、 - You mean the ones playing basketball? that / those: that 用来替代前面出现过的可数名词单数= the one或不可数名词，以避免重复;those 用来替代前面出现过的可数名词复数= the ones，以避免重复。 e.g. The price of a pen is often higher than that of a pencil. The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai. The students in Class Two are more hard-wor
39、king than those(the ones) in Class One. 3) some / any, everybody / anybody 习惯上，some和everybody用于肯定句，any和 anybody用于疑问、否定句。 但当some用于疑问句时，表示对所涉及的名词持肯定态度，everybody用于疑问句时，译为大家、每个人。 e.g. Is everybody pleased with the show? 试比较:Do you have any water? (对water持怀疑态度) - Do you like some more water? - No, thanks
40、. (对water持肯定态度) any和anybody也可以用于肯定句。当它们用于肯定句时，有很强的强调口气。 e.g. - When shall we meet again? - Any time you like. Anybody here knows how to treat a stranger. 4)other / others; the other / the others ; another other:作代词时，一般不单独使用，而必须与any, some, no 等连用。 e.g. He is no other but Tom. / These are all we have,
41、 we have no other(s). others:常与some连用，表示:一些其它的。 e.g. Some people like fishing, some like boating, others skating. the other: 与one连用，构成词组:onethe other:指两者中一个另一个 the others: 指在一定范围中的其余的。 e.g. In our class some students are good at maths, some are good at Chinese, the others are good at physics. anothe
42、r: 是形容词，另一个、在一个，一般作定语，既可以修饰单数名词，又可以修饰复数名词，还可以修饰数词。 e.g. We stayed in New York for another three weeks. / Please have another apple. 13 当another修饰单数名词时，在上下文意思明确的情况下，可以把名词省略，这时another起代词作用。 e.g. After eating an apple, I had another (one). 5)all ; both ; each ; every ; either all:指三者或三者以上的所有，可以作形容词修饰名词
43、复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语;后可接of介词短语。 both:指两者都，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语;后可接of介词短语。 each:每一个，一般指两者中的每一个，也可指许多中的每一个;可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语;后可接of介词短语。 e.g. There are trees on each side / both sides of the river. Each of us has a chance to go to university. We each have a dictionary. every:指三者或三者以上中的
44、每一个，是形容词，只能作定语，后面不能接of介词短语。 either:指两者中一个或两者中无论哪一个，可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词作主语、宾语;后可接of介词短语。 e.g. If you keep still, you can sit on either end of the boat. I dont like either of them. Do you have any other blouse? 八 介词 1.高考介词简明介绍 14 15 2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别 17 18 注意:many, old和far比较级及最高级用法的区别 ?如果后接名词时，much
45、 more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。 elder，eldest只 ?old有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。 My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. ?far有两种比较级，farther，further.在英语中两者都可指距离。 在美语中，father表示距离，further表示进一步 I have nothing further to say. 2.原级的用法 表示双方在程度、性质、特征等
46、某方面相等时，用as+原级形容词/副词+ as的结构; 表示双方不相等时，用not so(as)+原级形容词/副词+ as的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用倍数+ as+原级形容词/副词+ as的结构。 Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu. This building looks not so (as)high as that one. Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you . This room is three times as large as that one. 2.比较级的用法 ?双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用比较级+