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1、Globalization and Global Cities,Globalization, Urban Growth, Global Cities,Urbanization,increase in the proportion of a population living in urban areas;process by which a large number of people becomes permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.,City,A city is a relatively l
2、arge, dense, permanent, heterogeneous, and politically autonomous settlement whose population engages in a range of nonagricultural occupations.often defined in terms of administrative areaThe suburb is a less dense but permanent settlement that is located outside the city proper and contains popula
3、tions that usually have social and economic ties to the city,What is ubran?,in the United States the term refers to populations of 2,500 or moreUnited Nations definitions of urban areas emphasize a population of 20,000 or more, and cities a population of 100,000 or more.,History of city development,
4、The emergence of a global economy structured city development 13th and 14th centuries, sea ports and cities linked together by long-distance trade routes transcending the boundaries of empires and statesLate 15th and 16th centuries, city expansion induced by commercial and trade expansion with colon
5、ized people on other continents,History of city development,18th century, urban growth and urbanization have occurred at an increasing rate since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution19th century, cities were compact, growth was vertical, and workers resided near their workplaces,History of cit
6、y development,The outward expansion of the residential population was facilitated by steam and electric railways, the outward expansion of industry, and the increasing role of the central business district in integrating economic activitiesglobalization, accompanied with industrialization and post-i
7、ndustrialization in different areas in the global economy, becomes one of the major factors in determining city development,Urban growth in the world,The biggest polis or city in ancient Europe is Athens. In 432 BC, the entire Athenian polis had between 215,000 and 300,000 people.Then Rome, the esti
8、mates vary wildly, from 250,000 to 1,487,560 plus slaves.Peking in the early modern period; but, some time just after 1800, London became indisputably the greatest cityNew York soon and overtook itinto the 1950s, when the growth first of western cities like Los Angeles, and then of the great cities
9、of the developing world, far overtook them,Modern urban growth,In 1955, only 850 million (30%) of total world population living in urban areas.It increased to 1151 million (34%), 1515 million (37%), 1983 million (40%), and 2551 million (44%) in 1965, 1975, 1985 and 1995 respectively.In 2005, 3150 mi
10、llion (48%) of total world population living in urban areas. It is expected that 3819 million (52%) of total world population will be living in urban areas in 2015.the real, phenomenal growth in world cities is happening in the second-tier cities of Asia. in 2025, 100 of the worlds 600 top cities wi
11、ll be new entries from China.40 per cent of global growth over the next 15 years (from 2011 onwards) will come from 400 midsize cities, many of which we will never have heard of,Urban sociology,studies human groups in a territorial frame of reference with an emphasis on the interplay between social
12、and spatial organization and the ways in which changes in spatial organization affect social and psychological well being,Scope of urban sociology,Urbanization is accompanied by dramatic structural, cognitive, and behavioral changes. What are these changes? How do cities emerge? How do globalization
13、, industrialization (types of industry, heavy, light or high-tech) and post-industrialization (types of services, finance, tourism or trading) affect city growth?,Scope of urban sociology,What consequences does the increasing size of human concentrations have for human beings, their social worlds, a
14、nd their environment? The adverse results of city overgrowth are over-crowdedness, insufficient urban infrastructure, traffic congestion, high land prices, poor living conditions etc. How does the government alleviate these negative consequences through planning?,Scope of urban sociology,What are th
15、e unique ways of life associated with city living (urbanism)? What are urban lifestyles?How do cities differ in terms of residential, commercial and industrial patterns (i.e. urban forms)?Are these spatial patterns related to some social characteristics, like class (upper versus lower classes), soci
16、o-cultural background (religious communities), family (patrilocality versus matrilocality, age and household composition), ethnicity (racial segregation) and crime etc.?,Scope of urban sociology,What factors are shaping the mobility of people both internal (within the city) and external (in or out o
17、f the city)?How do different cities connect to the other areas (mainly local, regional, national, international or global)? It is a matter of the scale of territorial/spatial, embedded with socio-economic, political and cultural, organization.,Spatial/territorial organization,Refer to how different
18、units of a system occupy different parts of a space or territory. This spatial organization is always embedded with social organization.Consider this classroom. This classroom is a spatial unit. Are there any social clusters in this classroom? Are you sitting next to your friends? Are girls and boys
19、 sitting separately? Does the clustering a natural process? Are there any differences between students sitting in front of me and those sitting at the back?,Spatial/territorial organization,If I am the government, can I reorganize how you sit? If I want to take a pop test, what should I organize how
20、 you sit? Thats planning and planning can be good and bad from students or citizens perspective. When there are insufficient seats for every student or some students cannot see the screen, you will complain about the lack of facilities. How about there are some students nobody wants to sit by them?
21、By analogy, these are urban problems requiring appropriate government intervention to solve them,Summing up,Urbanization is a transformation of society, the effects of which penetrate every sphere of personal and collective life. It affects the status of the individual and opportunities for advancem
22、ent, it alters the types of social units in which people group themselves, and it sorts people into new and shifting patterns of stratification. The distribution of power is altered, normal social processes are reconstituted, and the rules and norms by which behavior is guided are redesigned,What is
23、 Globalization?,not static, but a dynamic ongoing process: globalization involves the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies to a degree never witnessed before-in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations, and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster
24、, deeper, and cheaper than ever before, and in a way that is also producing a powerful backlash from those brutalized or left behind by this new system. .The driving idea behind globalization is free-market capitalism-the more you let market forces rule and the more you open your economy to free tra
25、de and competition, the more efficient and flourishing your economy will be. Globalization means the spread of free-market capitalism to virtually every country in the world. Globalization also has its own set of economic rules-rules that revolve around opening, deregulating and privatizing your eco
26、nomy.,three types of globalization,Economic globalization: free movement of capital, labour, goods and services, the creation of transnational classes and the convergence of managerial practices.Political globalization: the retreat of nation-states, the rise of international organizations, and the e
27、mergence of a global political culture.Cultural globalization: the widespread consumerism and the emergence of a global culture, but also local cultural resistance as demonstrated by, for example, religious fundamentalism.,Information economy,The weightless economy means that increasingly economic v
28、alue on a global level depends upon the trading of information rather than the trading of material goods.The whole of the financial economy is a weightless economy, but many other aspects of production and especially the trading of services are now weightless, depending upon information which you tr
29、ade and exchange, not upon the manufacture of material goods,World and global cities,Who coined the terms?Patrick Geddes was the first to coin world citiesPeter Hall first defined world cities John Friedmann was the first to rigorously theorize the termSassen suggests the notion of global cities,Mul
30、tiple Roles of World Cities (Peter Hall),centres of political power, both national and international, and of the organizations related to government; centres of national and international trade, acting as entrept for their countries and sometimes for neighbouring countries also; hence, centres of ba
31、nking, insurance and related financial services; centres of advanced professional activity of all kind, in medicine, in law, in the higher learning, and the application of scientific knowledge to technology; centres of information gathering and diffusion, through publishing and the mass media; centr
32、es of conspicuous consumption, both of luxury goods for the minority and mass-produced goods for the multitude; centres of arts, culture and entertainment, and of the ancillary activities that catered for them.,Global Hierarchy (John Friedmann),London, New York and Tokyo are global financial articul
33、ations, Miami, Los Angeles, Frankfurt, Amsterdam and Singapore and multinational articulations, and Paris, Zurich, Madrid, Mexico City, So Paulo, Seoul and Sydney are important national articulations, all forming a network.,Global Cities,In the 1990s, globalization shifts the weight of economic acti
34、vity from production places such as Detroit and Manchester, to centers of finance and highly specialized servicesthe notion of global cities to replace world cities to highlight the change,ranking world cities in a world-system: four approaches,identify the strategic domination of certain world citi
35、es in the world-system by analysing and ranking the locational preferences and roles of multinational corporation (MNC) headquarters in the developed world (earliest Peter Halls approach).centre upon the decision-making corporate activities and power of MNCs, in the context of the new (spatial) inte
36、rnational division of labour discovered in the late 1970s (the world city hypothesis).,ranking world cities in a world-system: four approaches,study the concentration and intensity of producer services in the world economy (the global city approach).identify major cities and their relative positions
37、 through rankings of international financial centres (the financialization approach).,high-level global cities,a high degree of concentration of four particular clusters of advanced services which are tremendously highly symbioticcommand and control functions (government, international agencies, hea
38、dquarters of major private corporations); financial and business services (ranging from commercial services like accountancy, law and advertising to public relations, management consultancy and the design professions of architecture, civil engineering, fashion and interior design);,high-level global
39、 cities,tourism of both the leisure and business varieties; and cultural and creative industries, including the live performing arts, museums and galleries, and the print and electronic media (newspapers, magazines, books, film, television, radio).,Polycentricity or Concentrated Deconcentration,Poly
40、centricity has a different significance at different spatial scales and in different geographical contextsAt the global level,polycentricrefers to the development of alternative global centres of powerAll-powerful global cities with all four symbiotic functions are rare. There are a number of “sub-g
41、lobal” cities, performing some global functions in specialised fields: Rome (culture), Milan (fashion), Frankfurt and Zrich (banking), Brussels, Luxembourg, Paris, Rome and Geneva (supernational government agencies),Polycentricity or Concentrated Deconcentration,At a regional and national level, apo
42、lycentricpolicy is to divert some activities away from “global” cities like London (and perhaps Paris) to “sub-global” centres like Brussels, Frankfurt or MilanA major issue here is whether it will be either necessary or desirable to concentrate decentralised activity into a limited number of region
43、al capitals, each commanding a significant sector of the regional territory - Copenhagen, Berlin, Rome, Madrid - or whether it would be preferable to diffuse down to the level of the national capital cities, including the smaller national capitals,Polycentricity or Concentrated Deconcentration,At a
44、finer geographical scale, polycentricity can refer to the outward diffusion from either of these levels of city to smaller cities within their urban fields or spheres of influenceTo build up smaller cities and county towns, the main agents will be enhanced accessibility both by road and (most import
45、antly) high-speed train, coupled with investment in key higher-level service infrastructure (health, education); the systematic enhancement of environmental quality, to make as many as possible of these cities model sustainable cities; and finally the competitive marketing of such cities as places f
46、or inward investment and relocation,General policy prescription,A policy of deconcentrated concentration should be to guide decentralised growth, wherever possible, on to a few selected development corridors along strong public transport links, including high-speed “regional metros”. (how about HK-C
47、hina high-speed rail?),Reasons for Polycentricity,large cities as centres for efficient face-to-face information exchange. also experience some economic disadvantageshigh rents, congestion, pollution, the costs of attracting middle- and junior-level staff. So certain activities (“back offices”, R &
48、D) tend to migrate outwards: to corridors leading to the airports, to suburban train stations, to country towns in the surrounding ring. Meanwhile, some medium-sized cities are growing through strong concentrations of public services (higher education, health services), retailing and tourism.,Reason
49、s for Polycentricity,Others also act as centres of high-technology manufacturing, and/or have attracted longer-distance office decentralisation. Some similar-level cities in older industrial regions (Dortmund, Leeds) have seen a similar growth, though others have been less successful, especially if
50、they are peripheral either nationally or in a European sense. .,Reasons for Polycentricity,Finally, there are many cases of growth at the next level of the hierarchy: the county town, or medium-sized administrative-service centre of a rural region. as local service centres; they often offer a high l