《最新河南中考化学真题及答案优秀名师资料.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《最新河南中考化学真题及答案优秀名师资料.doc（15页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、2012河南中考化学真题及答案座号 2012年河南省初中学业水平暨高级中等学校招生考试试卷 化 学 注意事项: 1(本试卷共4页，满分50分，考试时间50分钟。请用钢笔或圆珠笔直接答在试卷上。 2(答卷前将密封线内的项目填写清楚。 题 号 一 二 三 四 总 分 分 数 相对原子质量 H,1 C,12 O,16 S,32 Ca,40 Fe,56 得 分 评卷人 一、选择题 (本题包括10个小题，每小题1分，共10分) 下列各题，每题只有一个选项符合题意，请将正确选项的标号 (填入题后括号内。 1(生活中的下列变化属于物理变化的是 【 】 粮食酿酒 B(铁钉生锈 C(蜡烛燃烧 D(水的蒸发 A(
2、2(为节约资源和保护环境，提倡垃圾分类回收。下列生活垃圾可与铝制易拉罐归为同一类加以回收的是【 】 A(废旧电池 B(空玻璃酒瓶 C(废弃铁锅 D(一次性塑料饭盒 3(分子、原子、离子等都是构成物质的微粒。下列物质由离子构成的是 【 】 A(氯化钠 B(黄金 C(金刚石 D(干冰 4(下列物质在氧气里燃烧，能生成有刺激性气味的气体的是 【 】 A(铁丝 B(硫 C(镁条 D(木炭 5(我们的衣、食、住、行中蕴含着丰富的化学知识。下列说法不正确的是 【 】 (A(衣料中的棉、羊毛等都属于合成有机高分子材料 B(食用加碘食盐和强化铁酱油可补充某些人体必需微量元素 C(建造高楼大厦时所用到的钢和生铁
3、属于铁的两种合金 D(宇通客车用天然气代替汽油作燃料可减少空气污染 6(下列图示的实验操作正确的是 【 】 Subsequently, the Anhui Army military Special Branch, in Shanghais Central Intelligence Organization and the Communist party organization in Western Zhejiang Province, sent party backbone, respectively, went to Wu Jiangyan opened the Tomb, Tomb o
4、f heroic people, under the leadership of the Communist Party, fear no sacrifice and persevering, goal of the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle. (A) stationed in Taoyuan area (Tomb of) 1, the new army of the Communist Party of China underground organization in September 1938, the CPC Zhuang Shaozh
5、en (Zhuang Zhen, Nanxun people) by the Deputy Director of the political Department of the army on Deng Zihuis dispatch, operating from Jing County, Anhui Province, the Lake reached the Tomb, its tasks are: looking for reliable object, introduce them to the new, to expand the new team. Zhuang Shaozhe
6、n KMT-CPC cooperation as an opportunity, after classmates Yao Bi (Nanxun people, Ren Zhuxi force staff Director), introduced into the Kuomintang government political team, and as a political leader. He used this opportunity to invite progressive youth Hong Haiquan form a political team, at this poin
7、t, the County Government has just been established, local school, unemployed youth are more quickly absorbed sheng, zhenze, Miaogang, Nanxun, huzhou, more than 20 more than required-Japanese youth. In order to raise the level of political players and the ability to work, Zhuang Shaozhen Xu Temple, i
8、s for the establishment of youth . Political activities will soon attract the attention of the Kuomintang. Is early Zhuang Shaozhen indicating Hong Haiquan to scoop the first elementary school, teachers identity as a cover, carry out the partys work. However, County Director of education comes into
9、action. To 7(右图是甲、乙两种固体的溶解度曲线，下列说法正确的是 【 】 A(甲的溶解度等于乙的溶解度 B(升高温度可以将甲的不饱和溶液变为饱和溶液 C(20 ?时，100 g乙的饱和溶液中溶质质量是30 g D(40 ?时，分别用100g水配制甲、乙的饱和溶液，所需 甲的质量大于乙的质量 8(下列反应中，不属于置换反应的是 【 】 (点燃 A(2Mg，CO2MgO，C B(2Na，2HO,2NaOH，H? 222C(Cl，2NaBr,2NaCl，Br D(2NaO，2HO,4NaOH，O? 2222229(下列图像分别与选项中的操作相对应，其中可能合理的是 【 】 A(向一定量的
10、稀盐酸和CaCl混合溶液中滴入NaCO溶液 223 B(向一定量的MnO固体中加入一定量的过氧化氢溶液 2C(向一定量的稀盐酸中滴入NaOH溶液 D(一定温度时，t?时，向一定量的饱和石灰水中加入生石灰 10(将乙醇和氧气置于密闭容器中引燃，测得反应前后各物质的质量如下: 物质,纯净物, 乙醇 氧气 二氧化碳 水 X 反应前质量/g 2.3 4 0 0 0 反应后质量/g 0 0 2.2 2.7 待测 下列说法正确的是 【 】 A(反应后X的质量为1.5 g B(X中一定含有碳元素和氧元素 C(X中一定含有碳元素和氢元素 D(X中两种元素的质量比为1:1 得 分 评卷人 二、填空题 (本题包括
11、6个小题，每空1分，共16分) 11(请从氢气、氧气、氮气、二氧化碳中选择适当的物质填空:空气中体积分数最大的是 ;极易燃烧，被认为是最清洁燃料的是 。 12(洛阳牡丹天下闻名。牡丹花开时满城飘香，从分子角度解释，是因为 ;牡丹花可观赏，亦可食用，同水果、蔬菜一样，它能为人体提供的主要营养素是 。 Subsequently, the Anhui Army military Special Branch, in Shanghais Central Intelligence Organization and the Communist party organization in Western Z
12、hejiang Province, sent party backbone, respectively, went to Wu Jiangyan opened the Tomb, Tomb of heroic people, under the leadership of the Communist Party, fear no sacrifice and persevering, goal of the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle. (A) stationed in Taoyuan area (Tomb of) 1, the new army o
13、f the Communist Party of China underground organization in September 1938, the CPC Zhuang Shaozhen (Zhuang Zhen, Nanxun people) by the Deputy Director of the political Department of the army on Deng Zihuis dispatch, operating from Jing County, Anhui Province, the Lake reached the Tomb, its tasks are
14、: looking for reliable object, introduce them to the new, to expand the new team. Zhuang Shaozhen KMT-CPC cooperation as an opportunity, after classmates Yao Bi (Nanxun people, Ren Zhuxi force staff Director), introduced into the Kuomintang government political team, and as a political leader. He us
15、ed this opportunity to invite progressive youth Hong Haiquan form a political team, at this point, the County Government has just been established, local school, unemployed youth are more quickly absorbed sheng, zhenze, Miaogang, Nanxun, huzhou, more than 20 more than required-Japanese youth. In ord
16、er to raise the level of political players and the ability to work, Zhuang Shaozhen Xu Temple, is for the establishment of youth . Political activities will soon attract the attention of the Kuomintang. Is early Zhuang Shaozhen indicating Hong Haiquan to scoop the first elementary school, teachers i
17、dentity as a cover, carry out the partys work. However, County Director of education comes into action. To 13(可燃物燃烧除需要氧气外，还需要满足的条件是 ;煤块经粉碎处理后，在空气中燃烧得更快、更充分，这是因为 。 14(右图是某输液瓶标签上的部分内容。由此可知，葡萄糖由 种元素组成，其中碳元素的质量分数为 。要把10 g这种葡萄糖溶液稀释为2%的溶液，需要水的质量为 g。 15(明矾可用于净水，是因为明矾溶于水生成的胶状物可以 悬浮于水中的杂质，使水澄清;新型自来水消毒剂ClO可由下
18、列反应制取:Cl，2X,222NaCl，2ClO，则X的化学式为 ;除去硬水中过多的 (填离子符号)22+和Mg就可得到软水。 16(甲、乙、丙、丁是常见的化合物，它们有如右图所示转化关系(部分物质已略去)。甲是相对分子质量为16的有机物;乙是最常见的溶剂;丁是白色难溶固体，其中金属元素的质量分数为40%。则甲的化学式为 ;反应?和?的化学方程式分别为 、 ;试剂A中溶质在生产或生活中的一种用途是 。 得 分 评卷人 三、简答题 (本题包括4个小题，共14分) 17(2分)右图是某物质分解的微观示意图。 (1)图中属于化合物的是 。 (2)写出该反应的化学方程式。 18(4分)请用所学化学知识
19、解释下列原理。 (1)洗涤剂能除去油污，是因为它具有 功能。 (2)在铁制品表面涂油、刷漆或镀铬等都能防止铁生锈，其原理是什么, (3)用化学方程式表示含Mg(OH)的药物治疗胃酸过多症的原理。 2(4)用化学方程式表示“联合制碱法”中的如下反应 :向饱和食盐水中先后通入足量NH和CO，生成小苏打(在该溶液中难溶)和一种氮肥。 3219(4分)右图是实验室制取气体的部分装置。 (1)仪器X的名称是 。 (2)写出一个用A装置制取O的化学方程式。 2(3)B和C装置均可制取CO，其中C装置的优点是可2Subsequently, the Anhui Army military Special Br
20、anch, in Shanghais Central Intelligence Organization and the Communist party organization in Western Zhejiang Province, sent party backbone, respectively, went to Wu Jiangyan opened the Tomb, Tomb of heroic people, under the leadership of the Communist Party, fear no sacrifice and persevering, goal
21、of the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle. (A) stationed in Taoyuan area (Tomb of) 1, the new army of the Communist Party of China underground organization in September 1938, the CPC Zhuang Shaozhen (Zhuang Zhen, Nanxun people) by the Deputy Director of the political Department of the army on Deng
22、 Zihuis dispatch, operating from Jing County, Anhui Province, the Lake reached the Tomb, its tasks are: looking for reliable object, introduce them to the new, to expand the new team. Zhuang Shaozhen KMT-CPC cooperation as an opportunity, after classmates Yao Bi (Nanxun people, Ren Zhuxi force staff
23、 Director), introduced into the Kuomintang government political team, and as a political leader. He used this opportunity to invite progressive youth Hong Haiquan form a political team, at this point, the County Government has just been established, local school, unemployed youth are more quickly ab
24、sorbed sheng, zhenze, Miaogang, Nanxun, huzhou, more than 20 more than required-Japanese youth. In order to raise the level of political players and the ability to work, Zhuang Shaozhen Xu Temple, is for the establishment of youth . Political activities will soon attract the attention of the Kuomint
25、ang. Is early Zhuang Shaozhen indicating Hong Haiquan to scoop the first elementary school, teachers identity as a cover, carry out the partys work. However, County Director of education comes into action. To 随时控制反应的发生与停止，如果打开弹簧夹，固体与液体接触，反应便能发生。请简述使C装置中反应停止的原理。 (4)若用D装置采用排水法收集O，请简述操作步骤。 220(4分)现有一包白
26、色粉末，其中含有CuSO、BaCl、NaOH、NaCO中的一种或4223几种。某化学小组为确定白色粉末的成分，进行了如下实验:(I)取一定量白色粉末，加入足量水，振荡，得到无色透明溶液;(II)取少量(I)的溶液，加入足量盐酸，有气泡产生。(提示:BaCO难溶于水;NaCO的水溶液呈碱性) 323(1)该白色粉末中肯定含有什么物质,可能含有什么物质, (2)为确定可能含有的物质是否存在，还需做什么实验,请写出简要的实验步骤。 得 分 评卷人 四、综合应用题 (共10分) 21(金属用途广泛，其结构和性质等是化学的重要研究内容。 (1)右图是铝的原子结构示意图。下列说法不正确的是 。 (A(铝原
27、子的质子数为13 B(在化合物中铝通常显+3价 C(铝是地壳中含量最多的元素 D(铝可作导线是由于它具有良好的导电性 (2)某化学小组用一定量AgNO和Cu(NO)混合溶液进行了右图实332验， 并对溶液A和固体B的成分进行了分析和实验探究。 【提出问题】溶液A中的溶质可能有哪些, 【作出猜想】?只有Zn(NO) ? Zn (NO)、AgNO ? Zn (NO)、Cu(NO) 323233232?Zn (NO)、AgNO、Cu(NO) 32332【交流讨论】不合理的猜想是 (填标号)，其理由是 。 【实验探究】若猜想?成立，通过以下实验可确定固体B的成分，请将下表填写完整。 实验步骤 现 象
28、有关反应的化学方程式 取少量固体B 有气泡产生 滴加 Subsequently, the Anhui Army military Special Branch, in Shanghais Central Intelligence Organization and the Communist party organization in Western Zhejiang Province, sent party backbone, respectively, went to Wu Jiangyan opened the Tomb, Tomb of heroic people, under the
29、leadership of the Communist Party, fear no sacrifice and persevering, goal of the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle. (A) stationed in Taoyuan area (Tomb of) 1, the new army of the Communist Party of China underground organization in September 1938, the CPC Zhuang Shaozhen (Zhuang Zhen, Nanxun peo
30、ple) by the Deputy Director of the political Department of the army on Deng Zihuis dispatch, operating from Jing County, Anhui Province, the Lake reached the Tomb, its tasks are: looking for reliable object, introduce them to the new, to expand the new team. Zhuang Shaozhen KMT-CPC cooperation as an
31、 opportunity, after classmates Yao Bi (Nanxun people, Ren Zhuxi force staff Director), introduced into the Kuomintang government political team, and as a political leader. He used this opportunity to invite progressive youth Hong Haiquan form a political team, at this point, the County Government ha
32、s just been established, local school, unemployed youth are more quickly absorbed sheng, zhenze, Miaogang, Nanxun, huzhou, more than 20 more than required-Japanese youth. In order to raise the level of political players and the ability to work, Zhuang Shaozhen Xu Temple, is for the establishment of
33、youth . Political activities will soon attract the attention of the Kuomintang. Is early Zhuang Shaozhen indicating Hong Haiquan to scoop the first elementary school, teachers identity as a cover, carry out the partys work. However, County Director of education comes into action. To (3)右图是工业炼铁示意图。其中
34、，焦炭的作用是燃烧提供能量和 ;有铁生成的化学方程式为 。 (4)某工厂利用废铁屑与废硫酸起反应来制取硫酸亚铁。现有废硫酸49 t(HSO的质量24分数为10%)，与足量废铁屑起反应，可生产硫酸亚铁的质量是多少, 2012年河南省初中学业水平暨高级中等学校招生考试 化学试题参考答案及评分标准 注意事项: 1(答出其他合理答案，请参照评分标准给分。 2(没有特别要求写化学式的，写化学式或名称均得分。 一、选择题 (每小题1分，共10分) 题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 答案 D C A B A C D D C B 二、填空题 (每空1分，共16分) 11(氮气(或N)氢气(或H)
35、 2 212(分子在不断地运动使香味扩散 维生素 13(三 40% 15 14(温度达到可燃物的着火点 煤粉与氧气(或空气)有更大的接触面 2+15(吸附 NaClO Ca 216(CH CO+ Ca(OH)= CaCO?+HO CaCO+2HCl= CaCl+ CO?+ HO等 422323222灭火(或作气体肥料等) 三、简答题 (共14分) 通电 17(2分)(1)水(或HO) (2)2HO 2H?+ O? 2222 18(4分)(1)乳化 (2)覆盖保护层，起到隔绝氧气(或空气)和水的作用。 (3)Mg(OH)+2HCl =MgCl+2HO 222(4)NaCl+HO+NH+CO= N
36、aHCO?+NHCl 2323419(4分)(1)酒精灯 Subsequently, the Anhui Army military Special Branch, in Shanghais Central Intelligence Organization and the Communist party organization in Western Zhejiang Province, sent party backbone, respectively, went to Wu Jiangyan opened the Tomb, Tomb of heroic people, under th
37、e leadership of the Communist Party, fear no sacrifice and persevering, goal of the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle. (A) stationed in Taoyuan area (Tomb of) 1, the new army of the Communist Party of China underground organization in September 1938, the CPC Zhuang Shaozhen (Zhuang Zhen, Nanxun p
38、eople) by the Deputy Director of the political Department of the army on Deng Zihuis dispatch, operating from Jing County, Anhui Province, the Lake reached the Tomb, its tasks are: looking for reliable object, introduce them to the new, to expand the new team. Zhuang Shaozhen KMT-CPC cooperation as
39、an opportunity, after classmates Yao Bi (Nanxun people, Ren Zhuxi force staff Director), introduced into the Kuomintang government political team, and as a political leader. He used this opportunity to invite progressive youth Hong Haiquan form a political team, at this point, the County Government
40、has just been established, local school, unemployed youth are more quickly absorbed sheng, zhenze, Miaogang, Nanxun, huzhou, more than 20 more than required-Japanese youth. In order to raise the level of political players and the ability to work, Zhuang Shaozhen Xu Temple, is for the establishment o
41、f youth . Political activities will soon attract the attention of the Kuomintang. Is early Zhuang Shaozhen indicating Hong Haiquan to scoop the first elementary school, teachers identity as a cover, carry out the partys work. However, County Director of education comes into action. To ? (2)2KMnO KMn
42、O + MnO + O?或2KClO2KCl+ 3O? 4242232(3)当用弹簧夹夹住胶皮管时，产生的气体使试管内的压强增大，液体被压回长颈漏斗中，与固体反应物脱离，反应便会停止。 (4)先将集气瓶装满水，再将O从b口通入。 220(4分)(1)肯定含有NaCO;可能含有NaOH。 23(2)取少量(I)的溶液，加入足量BaCl溶液(或CaCl溶液)，静置，取上层清液滴加酚22酞溶液。 四、综合应用题 (共10分) 21(1)C(1分) (2)?(1分) 猜想?中无Cu(NO)，说明Cu(NO)已与3232Zn反应生成Cu，而Cu能与AgNO反应，故也不可能有AgNO【或Zn应先与AgNO
43、333反应后与Cu(NO)反应,当有AgNO剩余时，溶质中一定含有Cu(NO)】(1分) 32332实验步骤 现象 有关反应的化学方程式 Zn，2HCl,ZnCl，H? 22稀盐酸,或稀硫酸等, 156.46.10总复习4 P84-90,或Zn，HSO,ZnSO，H?, 24423.规律：利用特殊角的三角函数值表，可以看出，(1)当角度在090间变化时，正弦值、正切值随着角度的增大(或减小)而增大(或减小)；余弦值随着角度的增大(或减小)而减小(或增大)。(2)0sin1，0cos1。,1分, 说明：根据垂径定理与推论可知对于一个圆和一条直线来说，如果具备：,1分, 2、第四单元“有趣的图形”
44、。学生将经历从上学期立体图形到现在平面图形的过程，认识长方形，正方形，三角形，圆等平面图形，通过动手做的活动，进一步认识平面图形，七巧板是孩子喜欢的拼图，用它可以拼出很多的图形，让孩子们自己动手拼，积累数学活动经验，发展空间观念能设计有趣的图案。高温(3)制取CO(1分) FeO，3CO2Fe，3CO(1分) 2328、从作业上严格要求学生，不但书写工整，且准确率高。对每天的作业老师要及时批改，并让学生养成改错的好习惯。(4)解:设可生产硫酸亚铁的质量为x。 Fe，HSO,FeSO，H? (1分) 2442(1)二次函数yax2的图象：是一条顶点在原点且关于y轴对称的抛物线。是二次函数的特例，
45、此时常数b=c=0.98 152 49 t10% x 5.二次函数与一元二次方程98:152=49 t10%:x (列成为竖式) (1分) 7.三角形的外接圆、三角形的外心。x=7.6 t (1分) 30 o45 o60 o答:可生产硫酸亚铁7.6 t。 tanA不表示“tan”乘以“A”；Subsequently, the Anhui Army military Special Branch, in Shanghais Central Intelligence Organization and the Communist party organization in Western Zheji
46、ang Province, sent party backbone, respectively, went to Wu Jiangyan opened the Tomb, Tomb of heroic people, under the leadership of the Communist Party, fear no sacrifice and persevering, goal of the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle. (A) stationed in Taoyuan area (Tomb of) 1, the new army of th
47、e Communist Party of China underground organization in September 1938, the CPC Zhuang Shaozhen (Zhuang Zhen, Nanxun people) by the Deputy Director of the political Department of the army on Deng Zihuis dispatch, operating from Jing County, Anhui Province, the Lake reached the Tomb, its tasks are: lo
48、oking for reliable object, introduce them to the new, to expand the new team. Zhuang Shaozhen KMT-CPC cooperation as an opportunity, after classmates Yao Bi (Nanxun people, Ren Zhuxi force staff Director), introduced into the Kuomintang government political team, and as a political leader. He used this opportunity to invite progressive youth Hong Haiquan form a political team, at this point, the County Government has just been established, local school, unemployed youth are more quickly absorbed she