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1、高一有机化学基础教学讲义普通高中新课程中的有机化学课程可分为两个部分:必修模块化学2中的有机化学与选修模块有机化学基础。对于高一学生而言，有机化学内容是一个全新的内容，在学习的方法上与以往的化学内容有着明显的不同。因此，在内容的处理上，应以建构有机化学基础主干知识体系为目标;在教学设计和教学手段上，应尽最大可能的利用直观手段帮助学生对有机反应规律的认识，用比较归纳的方法引导学生学习有机化学基础知识。 具体教学建议如下: 一、必修与选修，有机整合 必修模块化学2中的有机化学内容，是以典型有机物为切入点，让学生在初中有机物常识的基础上，能进一步从结构的角度，加深对有机物和有机化学的整体认识。必修模
2、块中的有机化学内容没有完全考虑有机化学本身内在逻辑体系，主要是选取典型代表物，介绍其基本的结构、主要性质以及在生产、生活中的应用。烃介绍的是甲烷、乙烯和苯，烃的衍生物介绍的是乙酸、乙醇、乙酸乙酯，还有油脂、糖类和蛋白质;而对烷烃、醇类、羧酸等概念并未过多阐述，其目的就是引导学生学习最核心的基础知识和基本技能，提高学生的科学素养，同时也为学生学习有机化学基础模块提供基础。 选修模块建立在必修2中“重要的有机化合物”基础之上，探讨有机化合物的组成、结构、性质及应用，进一步学习有机化学研究的基本方法，引导有兴趣的学生比较系统、深入的学习有机化学基础知识。选修模块中介绍的烃类物质是烷烃、烯烃，涉及到炔
3、烃，苯及其同系物;烃的衍生物由单纯的乙醇、乙醛、乙酸涉及到了醇类物质、醛类物质、羧酸类物质，学习特点是由个别有机物的学习上升到类别的学习。将有机知识系统深化。 整个有机部分，从必修到选修，全面整合了有机物、官能团、结构、反应性质、转化、合成之间的关系，更系统、更深刻的认识有机合成的内在联系和创造价值。 建议有机化学教学参考原有机教材，对必修2和选修5进行整合调整。 二、结合考试说明，抓住重点 1、组织学习教学要求和考试说明，明确教学重点。 通过学习讨论，将整个有机化学教学的重点以书面的形式整理出来，作为每个任课教师备课和编制训练时的依据、参考材料。 2、解答近三年江苏、上海、广东高考有机试题，
4、明确教学方向。 通过解答高考试题，把握有机内容考查时的重点内容和考试形式，从而确定教学的重点和训练的重点。 3、认真研究教材体系，对教材进行重新整合和详略处理。 三、根据内容特点，注重方法 1、以分类思想、化学键理论为指导，依次介绍有机物的分类、结构，以及烃和烃的衍生物的重要代表物，其中官能团是作为潜在的主线。在重点介绍一种代表物的结构、性质和用途后，进而概括这一类有机物的通式和通性。使各章节主干知识有机地联系在一起，便于学生系统掌握和运用知识。 2、运用对比的方法帮助学生理解和记忆有关的知识，如有机物与无机物的对比;碳碳单键、碳碳双键、碳碳三键和苯环的对比;乙烷、溴乙烷、乙醇和乙醛的对比;醇
5、和酚的对比;葡萄糖与果糖、蔗糖与麦芽糖、淀粉与纤维素的对比;反应类型之间的对比等。not allowed to stay at the construction site, is strictly prohibited in the construction site, gambling, fighting, fighting. Workers should be carried out once a month security education, participate in the public security Committee the general contractor on
6、a quarterly basis, organize regular security check. Non-site staff are not free to enter the construction site, alien contact, or someone must agree after the gatekeeper registration backward Into the site. Nineth part, cabling, electronic system acceptance criteria GB50257-96 electric equipment ins
7、tallation engineering code for construction and acceptance of low-voltage electrical GB50258-96 1KV and below wiring of the electric equipment installation engineering code for construction and acceptance of GB/T50312-2000 code for engineering acceptance of generic cabling system for building and ca
8、mpus GB50169-92 grounding of the electric equipment installation engineering code for construction and acceptance of other related acceptance acceptance of main content : (From the above specifications) equipment inspection requirements: engineering quality in order to meet the national standards fo
9、r the purpose of installation materials needed by a party a qualified investment. Works with cable equipment type, size, quantity, quality checks should be carried out before the construction, no factory inspection to prove material or inconsistent with the design must not be used in the project. Th
10、e test equipment shall make records, separately for conformity should be stored for verification and processing. Cables, equipment used in the project 通过对比，使学生能从本质上理解有机化学，感到学习有机化学有规律可循。 3、利用分子结构模型，培养学生的空间想象能力。教材中大量运用了球棍模型和比例模型，以帮助学生了解分子的立体结构和原子间的相对位置，使学生更充分地认识物质结构与物质性质之间的关系。每个有机化学反应都必须用分子模型(结合动画演示)呈
11、现反应规律，并尽量让学生亲手操作，帮助学生突破学习障碍。 4、运用启发和探索式的方法。引起学生对所学知识的主动思考和探索，使学生在学习知识的同时，训练思维、培养学生自主学习能力和探究精神。 5、重视概念教学，规范化学用语表达。在教学中，要通过比较、讨论、归纳和强化训练等方法对这些内容个个突破，逐步加深。 对化学用语的教学，要重点强调书写的准确性、规范性，平时的书写习惯，通过多写、多练来养成准确规范表述的良好习惯。例如:?有机基团的书写:将,CHO写成,COH、CHO,、HOC,等;将,COOH写成COOH,、,CO,OH、,C,O,OH等;NO2 ?反应方程式的书写:将有机反应的“?”写成“,
12、”或“,”，将酯化反应的“”写成“?”等;漏写反应物、生成物，如酯化反应掉水等; 6、利用实验进行探究，发展学生能力。实验教学在物质性质的学习中作用举足轻重，在教学过程中，要根据教学内容的性质和教学目标的需求，尽可能多地采取探究性方式组织课堂教学。对于简单易做的实验必须课堂演示，较复杂的实验也要通过视频呈现。 7、强化归纳整理，系统知识。在教师的指导下“系统知识、识同辨异、探寻规律”，不仅能帮助学生构建“知识点”、“知识线”、“知识网”，还可以顺利突破教学重点，深化对知识的理解，有系统、有规律地掌握知识。例如:在溴乙烷的化学性质的教学中，可将水解反应和消去反应通过表格的形式进行对比归纳。在苯酚
13、的教学中，可对苯、甲苯、苯酚的分子结构及典型性质进行对比归纳等。 8、组织专题教学，提高综合能力。选择的专题有:有机物的结构(共线共面问题)、基本用语与命名、同分异构体、官能团的种类及其特征性质、有机反应类型、有机化学计算、有机合成与推断等。通过精心组织专题教学，提高学生的综合能力。 四、优化课堂结构，实现高效课堂。 1、精心编制学习材料，提升学生学习能力。 该内容供学生预习自学使用。有机学习中，对基本概念、有机物的组成、结构、表示、通式、官能团的名称、表示以及同类有机物物理性质的变化规律等内容，均可以让学生自学或预习，要注意材料应注重知识的应用，要通过问题或习题来检查学生对知识的理解，不能只
14、是知识的填空。否则，学生抄袭书本，一知半解，名优意义。 2、指导学生学习方法，形成有机学习规律。 学习有机化学内容，有较强的规律性和特有的方法，要通过1,2个内容让学生初步形成学习方法，体会到规律。 3、设置问题启发引导，促进学生思维发展。 高效课堂的一个重要特征是学生在课堂上的积极思维，问题是思维的开始。备课时设置问题的质量，就成为学生思维发展的关键。 4、抓住重点加强训练，保证课堂教学质量。 加强课堂训练是课堂质量的保障之一。训练的过程既可以解决知识和习惯层面的问92 grounding of the electric equipment installation engineering
15、code for c-2000 code for engineering acceptance of generic cabling system for building and campus GB50169-c equipment installation engineering code for construction and acceptance of GB/T5031296 1KV and below wiring of the electri-voltage electrical GB50258-96 electric equipment installation enginee
16、ring code for construction and acceptance of low-tration backward Into the site. Nineth part, cabling, electronic system acceptance criteria GB50257site staff are not free to enter the construction site, alien contact, or someone must agree after the gatekeeper regis-check. Non ducation, participate
17、 in the public security Committee the general contractor on a quarterly basis, organize regular securityWorkers should be carried out once a month security enot allowed to stay at the construction site, is strictly prohibited in the construction site, gambling, fighting, fighting. 2ipment used in th
18、e projecthe test equipment shall make records, separately for conformity should be stored for verification and processing. Cables, equect. Tbefore the construction, no factory inspection to prove material or inconsistent with the design must not be used in the projded by a party a qualified investme
19、nt. Works with cable equipment type, size, quantity, quality checks should be carried out s neeinspection requirements: engineering quality in order to meet the national standards for the purpose of installation material onstruction and acceptance of other related acceptance acceptance of main conte
20、nt : (From the above specifications) equipment 题，也可以解决思维和方法层面的问题。课堂训练的方式应考虑多样化，处理训练内容的方式同样应注意多样化。 附试题:(08江苏) 11(香兰素是重要的香料之一，它可由丁香酚经多步反应合成。 OHOHOCH3OCH3CHOCHCHCH22香兰素丁香酚 有关上述两种化合物的说法正确的是 A(常温下，1mol丁香酚只能与1molBr反应 2B(丁香酚不能FeCl溶液发生显色反应 3C(1mol香兰素最多能与3mol氢气发生加成反应 D(香兰素分子中至少有12个原子共平面 19(12分)布噁布洛芬是一种消炎镇痛的药
21、物。它的工业合成路线如下: HHNO23HOCHCNHOCHCNHNOC9102CHCOOH3Pd/C催化剂CHCH33CABON2+1)盐酸1)CHOH，H25HOHCHCOOCCHNO2591132)调节pH2)调节pHCH3DEHN2CHCOOHClCOClN1)NaOHCHCl3CHNOCl18163+2)H吡啶OFG布噁布洛芬 请回答下列问题: ?A长期暴露在空气中会变质，其原因是 。 ?有A到B的反应通常在低温时进行。温度升高时，多硝基取代副产物会增多。下列二硝基取代物中，最可能生成的是 。(填字母) OHOHOHOHNOONNO222NO2a( b( c( d( ONNNOO22
22、2ON2CHCNCHCNCHCNCHCNCHCHCH3CH333?在E的下列同分异构体中，含有手性碳原子的分子是 。(填字母) 3arately for conformity should be stored for verification and processing. Cables, equipment used in the projectto prove material or inconsistent with the design must not be used in the project. The test equipment shall make records, sep
23、 ectionorks with cable equipment type, size, quantity, quality checks should be carried out before the construction, no factory inspin order to meet the national standards for the purpose of installation materials needed by a party a qualified investment. Wnce acceptance of main content : (From the
24、above specifications) equipment inspection requirements: engineering quality 92 grounding of the electric equipment installation engineering code for construction and acceptance of other related accepta-us GB501692000 code for engineering acceptance of generic cabling system for building and camp-96
25、 1KV and below wiring of the electric equipment installation engineering code for construction and acceptance of GB/T50312-voltage electrical GB50258-d acceptance of low96 electric equipment installation engineering code for construction an-art, cabling, electronic system acceptance criteria GB50257
26、he construction site, alien contact, or someone must agree after the gatekeeper registration backward Into the site. Nineth psite staff are not free to enter t-rity Committee the general contractor on a quarterly basis, organize regular security check. Non, gambling, fighting, fighting. Workers shou
27、ld be carried out once a month security education, participate in the public secunot allowed to stay at the construction site, is strictly prohibited in the construction site HOCHCOOCH(CH)HOCHCHCOOCH23223a( b( CH3HNHN22CH3CH3CCHHOCOOHHOCHCHCOOH2 c( d( CHCH33NHN2H2?F的结构简式 。 ?D的同分异构体H是一种-氨基酸，H可被酸性KMnO
28、溶液氧化成对苯二甲酸，则4H的结构简式是 。高聚物L由H通过肽键连接而成，L的结构简式是 。 (09江苏) 10.具有显著抗癌活性的10,羟基喜树碱的结构如图所示。下列关于10,羟基喜树碱的说法正确的是: A(分子式为CHNO 201625B(不能与FeCl 溶液发生显色反应 3C(不能发生酯化反应 一定条件下，1mol该物质最多可与1molNaOH反应 D(19.(14分)多沙唑嗪盐酸盐是一种用于治疗高血压的药物。多沙唑嗪的合成路线如下: (1)写出D中两种含氧官能团的名称: 和 。 (2)写出满足下列条件的D的一种同分异构体的结构简式 。 ?苯的衍生物，且苯环上的一取代产物只有两种;?与N
29、aCO溶液反应放出气体; 23?水解后的产物才能与FeCl 溶液发生显色反应。 3(3)E?F的反应中还可能生成一种有机副产物，该副产物的结构简式为 。 (4)由F制备多沙唑嗪的反应中要加入试剂X(CHNOCl)，X的结构简式为 。 101032(5)苯乙酸乙酯是一种常见的合成香料。请设计合理的方案以苯甲醛和乙醇为原料合成 苯乙酸乙酯(用合成路线流程图表示，并注明反应条件)。 提示:?R,Br+Na?R,CN+NaBr ;?合成过程中无机试剂任选; ?合成路线流程图示例如下: -c equipment installation engineering code for construction
30、 and acceptance of GB/T5031296 1KV and below wiring of the electri-voltage electrical GB50258-96 electric equipment installation engineering code for construction and acceptance of low-tration backward Into the site. Nineth part, cabling, electronic system acceptance criteria GB50257site staff are n
31、ot free to enter the construction site, alien contact, or someone must agree after the gatekeeper regis-check. Non ducation, participate in the public security Committee the general contractor on a quarterly basis, organize regular securityWorkers should be carried out once a month security enot all
32、owed to stay at the construction site, is strictly prohibited in the construction site, gambling, fighting, fighting. 4ipment used in the projecthe test equipment shall make records, separately for conformity should be stored for verification and processing. Cables, equect. Tbefore the construction,
33、 no factory inspection to prove material or inconsistent with the design must not be used in the projded by a party a qualified investment. Works with cable equipment type, size, quantity, quality checks should be carried out s neeinspection requirements: engineering quality in order to meet the nat
34、ional standards for the purpose of installation material onstruction and acceptance of other related acceptance acceptance of main content : (From the above specifications) equipment92 grounding of the electric equipment installation engineering code for c-2000 code for engineering acceptance of gen
35、eric cabling system for building and campus GB50169 浓硫酸 Br 2CHCHOH HC,CH BrHC,CHBr 322222170? (10江苏) 9(阿魏酸在食品、医药等方面有着广泛用途。一种合成阿魏酸的反应可表示为 下列说法正确的是 A(可用酸性KMnO溶液检测上述反应是否有阿魏酸生成 4B(香兰素、阿魏酸均可与NaCO、NaOH溶液反应 23C(通常条件下，香兰素、阿魏酸都能发生取代、加成、消去反应 D(与香兰素互为同分异构体，分子中有4种不同化学环境的氢，且能发生银镜反应的酚类化合物共有2种 19. (14分)阿立哌唑(A)是一种新
36、的抗精神分裂症药物，可由化合物B、C、D在有机溶剂中通过以下两条路线合成得到。 线路一: 线路二: (1)E的结构简式为 。 (2)由C、D生成化合物F的反应类型是 。 (3)合成F时还可能生成一种相对分子质量为285的副产物G，G的结构简式为 。 FeCl (4)H属于,氨基酸，与B的水解产物互为同分异构体。H能与溶液发生显色反3应，且苯环上的一氯代物只有2种。写出两种满足上述条件的H的结构简式: 。 (5)已知:，写出由C制备化合物的合成路 线流程图(无机试剂任选)。合成路线流程图示例如下: orks with cable equipment type, size, quantity, q
37、uality checks should be carried out before the construction, no factory inspin order to meet the national standards for the purpose of installation materials needed by a party a qualified investment. Wnce acceptance of main content : (From the above specifications) equipment inspection requirements:
38、 engineering quality 92 grounding of the electric equipment installation engineering code for construction and acceptance of other related accepta-us GB501692000 code for engineering acceptance of generic cabling system for building and camp-96 1KV and below wiring of the electric equipment installa
39、tion engineering code for construction and acceptance of GB/T50312-voltage electrical GB50258-d acceptance of low96 electric equipment installation engineering code for construction an-art, cabling, electronic system acceptance criteria GB50257he construction site, alien contact, or someone must agr
40、ee after the gatekeeper registration backward Into the site. Nineth psite staff are not free to enter t-rity Committee the general contractor on a quarterly basis, organize regular security check. Non, gambling, fighting, fighting. Workers should be carried out once a month security education, parti
41、cipate in the public secunot allowed to stay at the construction site, is strictly prohibited in the construction site5arately for conformity should be stored for verification and processing. Cables, equipment used in the projectto prove material or inconsistent with the design must not be used in t
42、he project. The test equipment shall make records, sep ection -c equipment installation engineering code for construction and acceptance of GB/T5031296 1KV and below wiring of the electri-voltage electrical GB50258-96 electric equipment installation engineering code for construction and acceptance o
43、f low-tration backward Into the site. Nineth part, cabling, electronic system acceptance criteria GB50257site staff are not free to enter the construction site, alien contact, or someone must agree after the gatekeeper regis-check. Non ducation, participate in the public security Committee the gener
44、al contractor on a quarterly basis, organize regular securityWorkers should be carried out once a month security enot allowed to stay at the construction site, is strictly prohibited in the construction site, gambling, fighting, fighting. 6ipment used in the projecthe test equipment shall make recor
45、ds, separately for conformity should be stored for verification and processing. Cables, equect. Tbefore the construction, no factory inspection to prove material or inconsistent with the design must not be used in the projded by a party a qualified investment. Works with cable equipment type, size,
46、quantity, quality checks should be carried out s neeinspection requirements: engineering quality in order to meet the national standards for the purpose of installation material onstruction and acceptance of other related acceptance acceptance of main content : (From the above specifications) equipment92 grounding of the electric equipment installation engineering code for c-2000 code for engineering acceptance of generic cabling system for building and campus GB50169