1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The Malaysian government announced in a written statement last week that the policy to restructure society （ ）in 1970 would come to an end by the end of the year.问题1选项A.to formulateB.to be formulatedC.as formulatedD.so as to formulate【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据题意，空格为后置定
2、语，修饰前面的policy，和policy之间存在被动关系，所以选项A和D可排除。to be formulated“将要被制定”，as formulated“已经被制定的”。句意：马来西亚政府上周以书面形式宣布：1970年已经制定的调整社会的政策将于今年年底停止。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题He was the king of farce and the most influential neoclassical playwright. His characters were used to （ ） real people, and he was interested in showing t
3、he reality of human weakness as much as possible.问题1选项A.depictB.ridiculeC.amuseD.imitate【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。depict“描述”；ridicule“嘲笑”；amuse“娱乐”；imitate “模仿”。句意：他是喜剧之王，也是最具影响力的新古典主义剧作家。他的剧中人物都用来描述真正的人物，并且他对尽可能展现人性的弱点充满兴趣。选项A符合题意。3. 翻译题It is also clear from his account who is responsible for misrepresenting
4、 this threat: the media and politicians. Thoughout this work, he scolds both. Politicians, we are told, “amplify the threat for their own political gains and mislead the public into misunderstanding terrorism and prefer appearing tough on terrorism to effectively combating it at home”. He argues tha
5、t media reporting is significantly flawed and hysterical and suggests that the media and politicians seldom pass up any opportunity to manipulate and sensationalize news events. The combination of these two factors is a great inflation of the terrorist theat in the United States, resulting in popula
6、r hysteria. The focus on the threat to the West is understandable in some waysit is the threat to ones own state that the media and politicians are concerned with and attempt to mitigate.【答案】【参考译文】从他的描述中也可以清楚地看出，是谁歪曲了这一威胁：媒体和政客。在这篇文章中，他斥责了两者。他说，政客们为了自己的政治利益而放大威胁，误导公众对恐怖主义产生误解，比起在国内有效打击恐怖主义，他们更愿（仅仅）表
7、现出一副强硬态度。他认为媒体报道有明显的缺陷且很滑稽，并暗示媒体和政客很少错过任何操纵和渲染新闻事件的机会。这两个因素结合在一起大大地夸大了美国的恐怖主义威胁，导致了大众的谈虎色变。对西方的威胁的关注度在某种程度上是可以理解的媒体和政客们关注并试图减轻的是对自己国家的威胁。4. 单选题Early research on attitudes assumed that they were casually related to behavior; that is, the attitudes people hold determine what they do. Common sense, too
8、 suggests a relationship. Isnt it logical that people watch television programs they like, or that employees try to avoid assignments they find distasteful? However, in the late 1960s, this assumed effect of attitudes on behavior was challenged by a review of the research. One researcherLeon Festin
9、gerargued that attitudes follow behavior. Did you ever notice how people change what they say. so it doesnt contradict what they do? Perhaps a friend of yours has consistently argued that the quality of US cars isnt up to that of imports and that hed never own anything but a Japanese or German car.
10、But his dad gives him a late-model Ford Mustang, and suddenly US cars arent so bad. Festinger argued that these cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance refers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more att
11、itudes or between behavior and attitudes. Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence, the discomfort. They will seek a stable state, in which there is a minimum of dissonance. Research has generally concluded
12、 that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior. They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behavior or by developing a rationalization for the discrepancy. Tobacco executives provide an example. How you might wonder do these people cope w
13、ith the ongoing barrage of data linking cigarette smoking and negative health outcomes? They can deny that any clear causation between smoking and cancer, for instance, has been established. They can brainwash themselves by continually articulating the benefits of tobacco. They can acknowledge the n
14、egative consequences of smoking, but rationalize that people are going to smoke and that tobacco companies merely promote freedom of choice. They can accept the research evidence and begin actively working to make less dangerous cigarettes or at least reduce their availability to more vulnerable gro
15、ups, such as teenagers. Or they can quit their job because the dissonance is too great. No individual, of course, can completely avoid dissonance. You know that cheating on your income tax is wrong, but you “fudge” the numbers a bit every year and hope youre not audited. Or you tell your children to
16、 floss their teeth every day, but you dont. So how do people cope? Festinger would propose that the desire to reduce dissonance depends on the importance of the elements creating it and the degree of influence the individual believes he has over the elements; individuals will be more motivated to re
17、duce dissonance when the attitudes or behavior are important or when they believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control. A third factor is the rewards of dissonance; high rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance because they allow
18、us to easily rationalize it. 1.The purpose of mentioning the TV programs people watch in the first paragraph is to show （ ）.2.Which of the following cases can illustrate “dissonance”？3.People seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior by doing many things E
19、XCEPT by （ ）.4.The author wants to tell us （ ）by giving the example of tobacco executives.5.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?问题1选项A.that people hold different attitudes toward different TV programsB.that peoples attitudes determine their behaviorsC.that peopl
20、es behaviors determine their attitudesD.that there exists a reversible relationship between peoples attitudes and their behaviors问题2选项A.Employees try to avoid assignments they find distastefi.il.B.A young man like Japanese cars, but his father buys him a US car.C.You know that cheating on your incom
21、e tax is wrong.D.You tell your children to floss their teeth every day, but you dont.问题3选项A.altering their attitudesB.altering their behaviorC.developing the rational discrepancyD.rationalizing the discrepancy问题4选项A.why so many people quit their jobsB.how people reduce the dissonanceC.how peoples at
22、titudes determine their behaviorD.why peoples attitudes are inconsistent with their behavior问题5选项A.High rewards decrease peoples desire to reduce the dissonance.B.High rewards prompt people to reduce the dissonance.C.If people believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control, the dis
23、sonance can be avoided.D.People are likely to get higher rewards, if they can rationalize their behavior【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“the attitudes people hold determine what they do.”，可知作者的提出的一个观点是人们的态度决定了他们的行为。所以可推断接下来的例子都是用来进一步证明这个观点。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Festinger argued tha
24、t these cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance refers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.”，可知认知失调是指个体在两种或两种以上的态度之间或行为与态度之间所感知到的任何不一致。可推断dissonance涉及到不一致
25、的问题。所以告诉孩子用牙线但自己却不用，就体现了这种认知的不一致。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句，“They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behavior or by developing a rationalization for the discrepancy.”，可知他们会通过改变态度，或者改变行为，或者为这种差异找合理的解释来解决不一致的问题。所以C项“发展合理化的不一致”文章没有提及。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。文章第三段首先提到了人们解决不一致性问题的方法，下文举出了烟草公司高管的例子，可推断
26、作者用实例来进一步说明人们减少不一致性的具体方法。选项B符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“high rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance”，可知高回报伴随着高失调，减少不一致的内在张力。所以高回报是可以降低人们减少不一致的欲望。选项A符合题意。同时可排除B选项。根据文章最后一段，“individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes or beh
27、avior are important or when they believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control.”，可知当态度或行为很重要，或者当他们认为这种不一致是由他们能够控制的事情造成时，个人会更有动力去减少这种不协调。可排除C选项。D选项提到如果人们能使自己的行为合理化，他们就有可能获得更高的回报，在文中并未提及。选项A符合题意。5. 翻译题I am grateful for the invitation to participate in this important conference, and
28、I interpret it as evidence that students of creativity themselves possess the sensitivity to divergent approaches that they seek to identify in others. But I am not altogether sanguine about the outcome of your experiment with me. As most of you already know, I am no psychologist, but rather an ex-p
29、hysicist now working in the history of science. Probably my concern is no less with creativity than your own, but my goals, my techniques, and my sources of evidence are so very different from yours that I am far from sure how much we do, or even should, have to say to each other. These reservations
30、 imply no apology; rather they hint at my central thesis. In the sciences, as I shall suggest below, it is often better to do ones best with the tools at hand than to pause for contemplation of divergent approaches.If a person of my background and interests has anything relevant to suggest to this c
31、onference, it will not be about your central concerns, the creative personality and its early identification. But implicit in the numerous working papers distributed to participants in this conference is an image of the scientific process and of the scientist; that image almost certainly conditions
32、many of the experiments you try as well as the conclusions you draw; and about it the historian may well have something to say. I shall restrict my attention to one aspect of this image-an aspect epitomized as follows in one of the working papers: The basic scientist “must lack prejudice to a degree
33、 where he can look at the most self-evident facts or concepts without necessarily accepting them, and, conversely, allow his imagination to play with the most unlikely possibilities”. In the more technical language supplied by other working papers, this aspect of the image recurs as an emphasis upon
34、 “divergent thinking, the freedom to go off in different directions,. rejecting the old solution and striking out in some new direction.”I do not at all doubt that this description of “divergent thinking” and the concomitant search for those able to do it are entirely proper. Some divergence charact
35、erizes all scientific work, and gigantic divergences lie at the core of the most significant episodes in scientific development. But both my own experience in scientific research and my reading of the history of sciences lead me to wonder whether flexibility and open-mindedness have not been too exc
36、lusively emphasized as the characteristics requisite for basic research.【答案】 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE 正如你们大多数人已经知道的那样，我不是心理学家，而是现在从事科学历史工作的一位前物理学家。也许我对创造力的关心程度不比你们少，但是我的目标、技巧和证据来源与你的有很大的不同，以至于不确定我们要做多少，或者应该对彼此说多少。这些保留并不意味着一种辩护，相反它们暗示了我的中心论点。在科学领域，正如以下我暗示到的，与其停下来去沉思不同的方
37、法，不如好好利用手头的工具。我将把我的注意力集中于这个形象的一个方面，我在论文中将这个方面进行了概括：基础科学家“一定要没有偏见，达到一种能查看不言自明的事物或概念的程度，并且没有必要接受它们，相反地，允许自己的想象力发挥到最不可能的可能。”我对 “发散思维”的描述一点都不觉得怀疑，对那些能够进行发散思维的人伴随进行的搜寻是完全恰当的。所有的科学工作者都存在分歧，并且巨大的分歧在科学发展中存在于意义最为深重的核心中。但是通过我自己的科学研究经历和对科学史的阅读，我怀疑灵活性和无偏见是否被专有地强调成为基础研究的必要特征。6. 单选题The method of science does not
38、seek to impose the desires and hopes of men upon the flux of things in a capricious manner. It may indeed be employed to satisfy the desires of men. But its successful use depends upon seeking, in a deliberate manner, and irrespective of what mens desires are, to recognize, as well as to take advant
39、age of, the structure which the flux possesses.Consequently, scientific method aims to discover what the facts truly are, and the use of the method must be guided by the discovered facts. But, as we have repeatedly pointed out, what the facts are cannot be discovered without reflection. Knowledge of
40、 the facts cannot be equated to the brute immediacy of our sensations. When our skin comes into contact with objects having high temperatures or with liquid air, the immediate experiences may be similar. We cannot, however, conclude without error that the temperatures of the substances touched are t
41、he same. Sensory experience sets the problem of knowledge, just because such experience is immediate and finally it must become informed by reflective analysis before knowledge can be said to take place.Every inquiry arises from some felt problem, so that no inquiry can even get under way unless som
42、e selection or sifting of the subject matter has taken place. Such selection requires, we have been urging all along, some hypothesis, preconception, prejudice, which guides the research as well as delimits the subject matter of inquiry. Every inquiry is specific in the sense that it has a definite
43、problem to solve, and such solution terminates the inquiry. It is idle to collect “facts unless there is a problem upon which they are supposed to bear.The ability to formulate problems whose solution may also help solve other problems is a rare gift, requiring extraordinary genius. The problems whi
44、ch meet us in daily life can be solved, if they can be solved at all, by the application of scientific method. But such problems do not, as a rule, raise far-reaching issues. The most striking applications of scientific method are to be found in the various natural and social sciences.The “facts” fo
45、r which every inquiry reaches out are propositions for whose truth there is considerable evidence. Consequently what the “facts” are must be determined by inquiry, and cannot be determined antecedently to inquiry. Moreover, what we believe to be the facts clearly depends upon the stage of our inquir
46、y. There is therefore no sharp line dividing facts from guesses or hypotheses. During any inquiry the status of a proposition may change from that of hypothesis to that of fact, or from that of fact to that of hypothesis. Every so-called fact, therefore, may be challenged for the evidence upon which
47、 it is asserted to be a fact, even though no such challenge is actually made.1.The best title for this passage might be （ ）.2.The phrase “irrespective of” in the passage is closest in meaning to （ ）.3.The author mentioned “When our skinbe similar” in order to show that （ ）.4.Which of the following statements can best paraphrase the last sentence “It is idle, to bear” in Paragraph 3?5.All of the following statements are TRUE EXCEPT that （ ）.问题1选项A.Hypotheses and Scientific MethodB.Evidence and Scientific MethodC.Facts
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