1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Mr. Coleman, president of the College Board, announced new programs to help low-income students, who will now be given （ ）allowing them to apply to four colleges at no charge.问题1选项A.scholarshipsB.tuition feeC.loansD.fee waivers【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。scholarship“奖学金
2、学问”；tuition fee“学 费”；loan “贷款”；fee waiver “免除费用”。句意：这些学生将被给予免除费用的待遇，将允许他们允许免费申请四所大学。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题In addition, the search for new economic models that prioritize inclusive and sustainable growth （ ）new, and more active, roles for territories in policy design and implementation.问题1选项A.has called onB
3、has called toC.is calling upD.is calling for【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。call on “访问，号召”；call to “呼唤，打电话给”；call up打电话;召集”；call for “要求；提倡”。句意：此外，对新经济模式的寻求要求政策设计及执行方面扮演一个新的、积极的觉角色，这种经济模式是优先考虑包容性和可持续增长的。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题Mr. McDonnell, a Republican who was once considered a possible （ ）for the White House, initially fa
4、ced the prospect of up to 20 years in prison, but The A.P. reported that Judge Spencer lowered that range to six-and-a-half to eight years during the hearing.问题1选项A.containerB.contractorC.contenderD.convertor【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。container “集装箱，容器”；contractor “承包人，立契约者”；contender “竞争者”；convertor “转化器”。句意：
5、麦克唐奈先生是一位共和党人，他被认为可能会成为美国总统的竞争者。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题If sanity and insanity exist, how shall we know them?The question is neither capricious nor itself insane. However much we may be personally convinced that we can tell the normal from the abnormal, the evidence is simply not compelling. It is commonplace
6、 for example, to read about murder trials wherein eminent psychiatrists for the defense are contradicted by equally eminent psychiatrists for the prosecution on the matter of the defendants sanity. More generally, there are a great deal of conflicting data on the reliability, utility, and meaning o
7、f such terms as sanity, insanity, mental illness, and schizophrenia.Finally, as early as 1934, Benedict suggested that normality and abnormality are not universal. What is viewed as normal in one culture may be seen as quite aberrant in another. Thus, notions of normality and abnormality may not be
8、quite as accurate as people believe they are.To raise questions regarding normality and abnormality is in no way to question the fact that some behaviors are deviant or odd. Murder is deviant. So, too, are hallucinations. Nor does raising such questions deny the existence of the personal anguish tha
9、t is often associated with mental illness. Anxiety and depression exist. Psychological suffering exists. But normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity, and the diagnoses that flow from them may be less substantive than many believe them to be.At its heart, the question of whether the sane can b
10、e distinguished from the insane is a simple matter: Do the salient characteristics that lead to diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the environments and contexts in which observers find them? From Bleuler, through Kretchmer, through the formulators of the recently revised Diagnostic an
11、d Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, the belief has been strong that patients present symptoms, that those symptoms can be categorized, and implicitly, that the sane are distinguishable from the insane. More recently, however, this belief has been questioned. Based in part o
12、n theoretical and anthropological considerations, but also on philosophical, legal, and therapeutic ones, the view has grown that psychological categorization of mental illness is useless at best and downright harmful, misleading, and pejorative at worst. Psychiatric diagnoses, in this view, are in
13、the minds of the observers and are not valid summaries of characteristics displayed by the observed.Gains can be made in deciding which of these is more nearly accurate by getting normal people admitted to psychiatric hospitals and then determining whether they were discovered to be sane and, if so,
14、 how. If the sanity of such pseudo patients were always detected, there would be prima facie evidence that a sane individual can be distinguished from the insane context in which he is found. Normality is distinct enough that it can be recognized wherever it occurs, for it is carried within the pers
15、on. If, on the other hand, the sanity of the pseudo patients were never discovered, serious difficulties would arise for those who support traditional modes of psychiatric diagnosis. Given that the hospital staff was not incompetent, that the pseudo patient had been behaving as sanely as he had been
16、 outside of the hospital, and that it had never previously suggested that he belonged in a psychiatric hospital, such an unlikely outcome would support the view that psychiatric diagnosis betrays little about the patient but much about the environment in which an observer finds him.1.Which of the fo
17、llowing is NOT mentioned in the passage?2.What does the word them in the last sentence of the fourth paragraph refer to?3.The word pejorative could best be replaced by （ ）.4.Which of the following statements can best explain the last part of the passage?5.Which of the following would most likely fol
18、low this passage?问题1选项A.We can judge precisely what constitutes normality and abnormality.B.It is not easy to distinguish sanity from insanity.C.It is no doubt that some behaviors of human beings are odd.D.Settings where people are living have much to do with how we know what sanity is.问题2选项A.Questi
19、ons from normality and abnormality.B.The diagnoses.C.Normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity.D.People.问题3选项A.peevishB.depreciatoryC.negativeD.meaningless问题4选项A.Psychiatric diagnosis doesnt inform people of the patient but of the environment where he is living.B.The patient isnt betrayed by ps
20、ychiatrists but by the environment where he is living.C.Psychiatrists know more about the patient than the environment where he is living.D.Psychiatric diagnosis is likely to improve the environment where the patient is living which does little help to him.问题5选项A.Description of the experiment of put
21、ting some sane people in psychiatric hospitals.B.Argument against the difficulty of distinguishing the sane from the insane.C.Description of the experiment of sane and insane people in the same psychiatric hospitals.D.Argument for the difficulty of finding out who are real patients.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题
22、B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第二段，“However much we may be personally convinced that we can tell the normal from the abnormal, the evidence is simply not compelling.”，可知无论我们个人多么相信我们能够分辨出正常和异常，这些证据根本就没有说服力。选项B可排除。根据文章四段，“To raise questions regarding normality and abnormality is in no way to question the f
23、act that some behaviors are deviant or odd.”，可知提出关于正常和异常的问题并不能质疑某些行为是异常的或奇怪的这一事实。选项C可排除。根据文章最后一段内容可知，人们生活的环境与了解理智的程度有很大关系，选项D可排除。综上，选项A文中未提及。选项A符合题意。2.词义理解题。根据第四段最后一句，“But normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity, and the diagnoses that flow from them may be less substantive than many believe
24、them to be.”，可知但正常与异常、理智与疯狂，以及由此产生的分析调查，可能并不像许多人认为的那样具有实质性。可知them指代前面出现的normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity，选项C符合题意。3.词义理解题。pejorative “贬损的，贬抑的”；peevish “脾气坏的，易怒的”；depreciatory “贬低的，轻蔑的”；negative “否定的，消极的”；meaningless “无意义的”。句意：越来越多的观点认为，对精神疾病进行心理分类，往好处说是无用的，往坏处说是完全有害的、误导的和贬低的。选项B符合题意。4.细
25、节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“psychiatric diagnosis betrays little about the patient but much about the environment in which an observer finds him.”，可知精神病学的诊断并很少告诉病人的情况，而是更多告诉他们所生活的环境。选项A符合题意。5.推断题。文章最后一段主要提到了人神智是否清晰与所处的环境存在很大的关系。可推断出下文可能会对这一话题进行进一步的阐述，可能会描述一个将一些神志正常的人送入精神病院的实验。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题The Malaysian governme
26、nt announced in a written statement last week that the policy to restructure society （ ）in 1970 would come to an end by the end of the year.问题1选项A.to formulateB.to be formulatedC.as formulatedD.so as to formulate【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据题意，空格为后置定语，修饰前面的policy，和policy之间存在被动关系，所以选项A和D可排除。to be formulated“将要被制定”
27、as formulated“已经被制定的”。句意：马来西亚政府上周以书面形式宣布：1970年已经制定的调整社会的政策将于今年年底停止。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题European officials, though, have already warned they will retaliate by boosting tariffs on US goods,（ ） a row that has lasted six years and （ ） agreement in the GATT international trade talks involving 108 countries.问题
28、1选项A.escalating . blockingB.to escalate . to blockC.escalating . blockedD.escalated . blocking【答案】A【解析】语法题。根据题目的句子结构，可知两个空格中均填入-ing分词作状语，表伴随。escalating “逐步上升”；blocking “阻碍”。句意：不过，欧洲官员已警告称，他们将提高对美国商品的关税作为报复，使持续6年的争端不断升级，并阻碍了有关于108个国家的关贸总协定国际贸易谈判达成协议。选项A符合题意。7. 问答题The second, or problem-oriented, appr
29、oach is the exact opposite. A specific historical question is formulated, usually prompted by a reading of the secondary authorities, and the relevant primary sources are then studied; the bearing that these sources may have on other issues is ignored, the researcher proceeding as directly as possib
30、le to the point where he or she can present some conclusions. Each method encounters snags. The source-oriented approach, although appropriate for a newly discovered source, may yield only an incoherent jumble of dates. The problem-oriented approach, sounds like common sense and probably corresponds
31、 to most peoples idea of research. But it is often difficult to tell in advance what sources are relevant. As will be shown later, the most improbable sources are sometimes found to be illuminating, while the obvious ones may lead the historian into too close an identification with the concerns of t
32、he organization that produced them. Moreover, for any topic in Western nineteenth-or twentieth-century history, however circumscribed by time or place, the sources are so unwieldy that further selection can hardly be avoided, and with it the risk of leaving vital evidence untouched.In practice neith
33、er of these approaches is usually pursued to the complete exclusion of the other, but the balance struck between them varies a good deal. Some historians begin their careers with a narrowly defined project based on a limited range of sources; others are let loose on a major archive with only the vag
34、uest of briefs. The former is on the whole the more common, because of the pressure to produce quick results that is imposed by the Ph.D degree - the formal apprenticeship served by most academic historians. A great deal of research consists not in ferreting out new sources but in turning to well-kn
35、own materials with new questions in mind. Yet too single-minded a preoccupation with a narrow set of issues may lead to evidence being taken out of context and misinterpreted - source-mining as one critic has called it. It is vital, therefore, that the relationship between the historian and his or h
36、er sources is one of give and take. Many historians have had the experience of setting out with one set of questions, only to find that the sources which they had supposed would furnish the answers instead directed their research on to quite a different path. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie first turned to
37、the land-tax registers of rural Languedoc with a view to documenting the birth of capitalism in that region; he found himself instead investigating its social structure in the broadest sense, and in particular the impact of demographic change.Mine was the classic misadventure; I had wanted to master
38、 a source in order to confirm my youthful convictions, but it was finally the source that mastered me by imposing its own rhythms, its own chronology, and its own particular troth.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.What is the first approach to historical studies?3.Why does the author say that
39、 the problem-oriented approach sounds like common sense and probably corresponds to most peoples idea of research?4.What does the author mean by In practice neither of these approaches is usually pursued to the complete exclusion of the other?5.According to the passage, what should be the appropriat
40、e way of studying historical sources?【答案】1.It mainly discusses about two ways of researching history.2.The source-oriented approach.3. Because the source-oriented approach, although appropriate for a newly discovered source, may yield only an incoherent jumble of dates.4.The author means that we sho
41、uld use the source-oriented approach and problem-oriented approach at the same time.5.Combine the two ways of studying history and find a balance point.8. 问答题The US administration has switched hesitancy for populism in proposing size and activity limits on Americas largest banks. While details are s
42、till missing, possibly because no one really knows how to implement size limits or curbs on proprietary trading, the intent is clearbankers must pay. It is hard to have much sympathy for the bankers, who have brought the publics ire on themselves through incompetence and then through an outrageous h
43、aste to pay themselves. Yet outrage is a poor guide to public policy. Beyond being punitive, will the administrations proposals help reduce financial system risk?Consider size limit first. The idea is to ensure institutions are no longer too big to fail. But how to define size? Whether you use asset
44、s, capital or profits there will be problemsbanks will try to economize on whatever measure is limited. Crude asset size limits, for example, would probably ensure a lot of financial activity is hidden from the regulator, only to come back to light (and to balance sheets) at the worst of times. Ther
45、e are many legal ways to mask size. Banks can offer guarantees to assets placed in off-balance sheet vehicles, much like the conduits of the recent crisis. If, instead, capital is the measure, then we will be pushing banks to economize on it as much as possible, hardly a recipe for safety. And if it
46、 is profits, we will be inviting healthy banks to park profits elsewhere, while rewarding sickly ones by allowing them to expand indefinitely.Even if we do settle on a definition, it is not clear that being large is necessary or sufficient for an entity to be a systemic risk. Bear Stems would not be
47、 large by most calculations, though it was considered connected enough to be saved. But Vanguard, the mutual fund group, manages more than $l, 000bn in assets and would probably not qualify as systemic. Not all large financial entities are equally troubling; would we include the mutual funds operate
48、d by a bank in its size?Also, being big has its virtues. Some larger banks are better at diversifying and attracting managerial talent (including risk managers). While a poorly managed $2,000bn bank creates immense problems for the system, the problems could be even greater with 100 banks of $20bn in size, each of which has taken similar risks. What is important is not size per se but the concentration and correction of
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