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1、International trade practices,Future career,course description,scoring,Trade practices,Recommended websites,course outline,scoring,Final exam-60% class work-20% performance-10% Attendance-10%,Terms of commodity,International cargo transport,Terms of pricing,International payment,Major content,Intern
2、ational trade terms,Export and import contract establishment,How to learn this course effectively?,Preparation and review are necessary and required Do exercises Keep your eyes on the popular discussion on economic issues Equip with some basic knowledge such as micro-economics, game theory,中国国际贸易网 h
3、ttp:/ 中华人民共和国商务部 中国外经贸 中国贸促网 www.ccpit.org 阿里巴巴 中国国际贸易发展网 国际商务桥 http:/,Recommended websites,Newspapers and magazines 21st Century Business Herald CaiJing Magazine TV Programs Dialogue Economic news broadcast Half-hour economy,Recommended programs,Introduction to International Trade -for discussi
4、on,How to measure international trade?,Why trade with other nations?,What is international trade?,What is international trade?,International trade is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries. international trade VS. foreign trade International trade generally
5、 refers to the exchange of goods and services among different countries. It is the aggregate of the import and export of all the nations. Foreign trade refers to the exchange of goods and services of one country (region) with another country (region). It comprises two parts - import and export.,Some
6、 terms need to know,Visible trade & invisible trade Visible trade: trade in goods Invisible trade: trade in services General trade system& special trade system General trade system: statistics are collected based on country territory Special trade system: statistics are collected based on customs te
7、rritory,Value of foreign trade& quantum of foreign trade（对外贸易额与对外贸易量） Value of foreign trade refers to the total amount of a nations foreign trade. Value of international trade Quantum of foreign trade can wipe off influence caused by price fluctuation, accurately indicating the actual change of for
8、eign trade scale.,Export trade, import trade, transit trade, entrepot trade（出口贸易，进口贸易，过境贸易，转口贸易） The degree of dependence on foreign trade,Why trade with other nations?,International trade leads to more efficient and increased world production, thus allowing countries (and individuals) to consume a
9、larger and more diverse bundle of goods. A nation possessing limited natural resources is able to produce and consume more than it otherwise could. the establishment of international trade expands the number of potential markets in which a country can sell its goods. The increased international dema
10、nd for goods translates into greater production and more extensive use of raw materials and labor, which in turn leads to growth in domestic employment. Competition from international trade can also force domestic firms to become more efficient through modernization and innovation.,How do you think
11、of free trade? 请问你是如何看待自由贸易的呢？,What are traded internationally?,Merchandise Exports and Imports They are also referred to as visible exports and imports because their movements across international borders are visible to observers. They constitute a crucial link in the international economy and are
12、the major source of international revenue and expenditure for most countries. Exports and Imports of services They are also referred to as invisibles and include all sales other than visible goods. As consumption of services has risen steadily in recent decades, there has been an explosive growth in
13、 service trade.,How to measure international trade?,The balance of trade is a nations relationship of exports to imports. A favorable balance of trade = trade surplus An unfavorable balance of trade = trade deficit,measurement,The balance of payment favorable balance of payments VS unfavorable balan
14、ce of payments,Barriers to international trade,1. Socialcultural barriers,Language Customs and manners Religion,Solution: to think globally, but to act locally,2. Economic barriers,Exchange rate Extra costs,3. Trade barriers,Tariffs Non-tariffs,International Trade Terms,Meaning of trade terms Role o
15、f international trade terms International trade usages,Meaning of international trade terms,Definition: trade terms (price terms/delivery terms) are an important component of a unit price in international trade, standing for specific obligations of the buyer and the seller. They are abbreviations us
16、ed to indicate the formation of the unit price and determine the responsibilities, expenses and risks born by two parties as well as the time of the passing the property in the goods. examples: US$750 per dozen CIF New York FFR1000 per M/T CFR Marseille,Role of international trade terms,Naming the e
17、xact point at which the ownership of the merchandise is transferred from the seller to the buyer. Defining the responsibilities and expenses of both the seller and the buyer. Simplifying negotiations Saving time and cost,Responsibilities and expenses,Responsibilities include: Carrying out customs fo
18、rmalities for the goods Obtaining the import or export license Chartering a ship or booking shipping space Making insurance Asking for inspection,Expenses comprise: Freight Loading and unloading expenses Insurance premium Warehouse charges Duties and taxes Miscellaneous expenses,International trade
19、usages,Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms,Warsaw Oxford Rules 1932,Warsaw Rules 1928 Contains 22 clauses concerning CIF contracts Warsaw Rules 1932 Based on Warsaw Rules 1928, contains 21 clauses concerni
20、ng the nature, risks and expenses borne by both the seller and the buyer. Still in use.,Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941,Originally The US Export Quotations and Abbreviations 1919 Revised and renamed in 1941 Six trade terms: Ex Port of Origin, Ex Dock, Free on Board, Free Along Side,
21、Cost & Freight, Cost, Insurance and Freight. Applicable in the USA, Canada and other countries in America.,Six Common Used Trade Terms,FOB CIF CFR FCA CPT CIP,FOB: Free on Board (named port of shipment),The sellers obligations Provision of goods in conformity with the contract Export licenses, offic
22、ial documents and customs formalities Delivery Proof of delivery Costs and risks before the goods passing the ships rail Notice to the buyer,The buyers obligations Payment for goods Import licenses, official documents and customs formalities Contract of carriage and insurance Taking delivery Transpo
23、rt document or equivalent electronic message Risks and costs after the goods passing the ships rail,Derived Forms of FOB,FOB Liner Terms FOB Under Tackle FOB Stowed FOB Trimmed FOB Stowed and Trimmed,CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination),The sellers obligations Provision of go
24、ods in conformity with the contract Export licenses, official documents and customs formalities Contract of carriage and insurance Delivery Risks before the goods passing the ships rail Notice to the buyer Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message,The buyers obligations
25、Payment for goods Import licenses, official documents and customs formalities Taking delivery Risks after the goods passing the ships rail,Several Issues about CIF,Cover of insurance Booking shipping space Unless otherwise provided in the contract, the seller is only responsible for chartering appro
26、priate vessel to ship the goods to the port of destination along customary shipping line. The seller has the right to refuse the buyers requirements about the nationality, type, age, and classification of the ship. Charges of unloading Incoterms 2000 requires the buyer to pay for unloading the goods
27、. However, there are three other derived forms of CIF: CIF Liner Terms; CIF landed; CIF Ex Ships Hold,CFR: Cost and Freight (named port of destination),The sellers obligations Provision of goods in conformity with the contract Export licenses, official documents and customs formalities Contract of c
28、arriage Delivery Risks before the goods passing the rail of the vessel Notice to the buyer Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message,The buyers obligations Payment for goods Contract of insurance Import licenses, official documents and customs formalities Taking delivery
29、 Risks and additional costs after the goods passing the rail of the vessel,Derived Forms of CFR,CFR Liner Terms The unloading charges are included in freight that is paid by the seller. CFR Landed The seller is responsible for discharge of the goods and pays the cost, including lighterage and wharfa
30、ge charges CFR Ex-Ships Hold The buyer pays the cost for discharging the goods from the ships hold.,FCA: Free Carrier (named place),The sellers obligations Provision of goods in conformity with the contract Licenses, official documents and customs formalities Clearing for export Delivery to the carr
31、ier Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message Risks and costs before delivering goods to the carrier,The buyers obligations Payment for goods Contract of carriage and insurance Taking delivery Notice to the seller Risks and costs after the sellers delivering goods to the
32、 carrier,CPT: Carriage Paid to (named place of destination),The sellers obligations Provision of goods in conformity with the contract Export licenses, official documents and customs formalities Contract of carriage Delivery Risks before delivering the goods to the carrier/first carrier Notice to th
33、e buyer Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message,The buyers obligations Payment for goods Import licenses, official documents and customs formalities Taking delivery Risks after the goods delivery to the carrier/first carrier Notice to the seller,CIP: Carriage and Insur
34、ance Paid to (named place of destination),The sellers obligations Provision of goods in conformity with the contract Export licenses, official documents and customs formalities Contract of carriage and insurance Delivery Risks before delivering the goods to the carrier/first carrier Notice to the bu
35、yer Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message,The buyers obligations Payment for goods Import licenses, official documents and customs formalities Taking delivery Risks after the goods delivery to the carrier/first carrier Notice to the seller,Other Trade Terms,EXW Ex Wo
36、rks ( named place) FAS Free Alongside Ship ( named port of shipment) DAF Delivered At Frontier ( named place) DES Delivered Ex Ship ( named port of destination),Other Trade Terms,DEQ Delivered Ex Quay ( named port of destination) DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid ( named place of destination) DDP Delivered
37、Duty Paid ( named place of destination),Case study,中国A公司（买方）与美国B公司（卖方）于2009年3月20日订立了5000公斤羊毛的买卖合同，单价为312美元/KG，CFR张家港，规格为型号T56FNF，信用证付款，装运期为当年6个月，我公司于5月31日开出信用证。7月9日卖方传真我方称，货已装船，但要在香港转船，香港的船名为safety，预计到达张家港的时间为8月10日。但直到8月18日safety才到港，我方去办理提货手续时发现船上根本没有合同项下的货物，后经多方查找，才发现合同项下的货物已在7月20日由另一条船运抵张家港，但此时已造成
38、我方迟报关和迟提货，被海关征收滞报金100元，我方向出口方提出索赔，合理吗？,我国黑龙江某外贸公司2004年以FOB条件签订了一批皮衣买卖合同，装船前检验时货物的品质良好且符合合同的规定。货到目的港后卖方提货检验时发现部分皮衣有发霉现象，经调查确认原因是由于包装不良导致货物受潮所致，据此买方向卖方提出索赔要求，但卖方认为货物在装船前品质是合格的，发霉在运输中发生，因此拒绝承担赔偿责任。对此争议应作何处理？,我方进口商以FOB条件从巴西进口橡胶，但由于我方租船困难，不能在合同规定的时间内到装运港接运货物，从而出现了较长时间的货等船现象，于是巴西方面要求撤销合同并向我方进口商提出赔偿损失的要求。巴
39、西出口商的做法是否合理？,在一份CIF合同中，日本公司出售450吨洋葱到澳大利亚，洋葱在日本港口装船时，经公证行验明，完全符合商销品质，并出具了合格证明。但该批货物运抵澳大利亚时，洋葱已全部腐烂变质，不能食用，买方因此拒绝收货，并要求卖方退回已付清的货款。 请问：在上述情况下，买方有无权利拒收货物和要求卖方退回货款？,我某公司以CFR术语出口一批瓷器，我方按期在装运港装船后，即将有关交易所寄交买方，要求买方支付货款。此后，业务人员才发现忘记向买方发出装船通知。此时，买方已来函向我方提出索赔，因为货物在运输途中因海上风险而损毁。 请问我方能否以货物运输风险是由买方承担而拒绝买方的索赔？,某公司以
40、CIF条件出口一批罐头， 合同签订后，接到买方来函，声称合同规定的目的港口最近经常发生暴乱，要求我方在办理保险时加保战争险，对此，我公司应如何处理？这批货物运抵目的港后，我方接到买方支付货款的通知，声称因货物在运输途中躲避风暴而增加的运费已代我公司支付给船公司，故此所付的货款已将此项费用扣除。对此，我公司应如何处理？,在一份CIF合同中，货物已在规定的期限和装运港装船，但受载船只在离港4小时后因触礁沉没。第二天，当卖方凭提单、保险单、发票等单证要求买方付款时，买方以货物全部损失为由，拒绝接受单证和条款。 请问，在上述条件下，卖方是否有权利凭规定的单证要求买方付款？,我国山东某出口公司按CIF条
41、件与韩国某进口公司签订了一笔初级产品的交易合同。在合同规定的装运期内，卖方备妥了货物，安排好了从装运港到目的港的运输事项。在装船时，卖方考虑到从装运港到目的港距离较近，且风平浪静，不会发生什么意外，因此，没有办理海运货物保险。实际上，货物也安全及时抵达目的港，但卖方所提交的单据中缺少了保险单，买方因市场行情发生了对自己不利的变化，就以卖方所交的单据不全为由，要求拒收货物拒付货款。请问，买方的要求是否合理？此案应如何处理？,我国江苏某食品进口公司公司在某年3月与越南金兰市某出口公司签订了购买2350公吨咖啡豆的合同，交货条件是FCA金兰每公吨870美元，约定提货地为卖方所在地。合同中规定，由买方
42、在签约后的20天内预付货款金额的25%作为定金，而剩余款项则由买方在收到货物之后汇付给卖方。合同签订后两星期内，买方如约支付了25%的定金。当年5月7日，买方指派越南的一家货代公司到卖方所在地提货，此时，卖方已装箱完毕并放置在其临时敞蓬仓库中，买方要求卖方帮助装货，卖方认为货物已交买方照管，拒绝帮助装货。两日后买方再次到卖方所在地提货，但因遇湿热台风天气，致使堆放货物的仓库进水，300吨咖啡豆受水浸泡损坏。由于货物部分受损，买方以未收到全部约定的货物为由，仅同意支付40%的货款，拒绝汇付剩余的35%的货款。于是，买卖双方产生争议，经过协商未果，因此，买方于当年7月向中国国际贸易仲裁委员会南方某
43、分会提出申诉。试问：（1）根据2000通则的规定，卖方的交货义务是否完成？（2）买卖双方孰是孰非？（3）仲裁机构将如何裁定？,Terms of commodity,Starting case,韩国KM公司向我BR土畜产公司订购大蒜650公吨，双方当事人几经磋商最终达成了交易。但在缮制合同时，由于山东胶东半岛地区是大蒜的主要产区，通常我国公司都以此为大蒜货源基地，所以BR公司就按惯例在合同品名条款打上了“山东大蒜。”可是在临近履行合同时，大蒜产地由于自然灾害导致欠收，货源紧张。BR公司紧急从其他省份征购，最终按时交货。但KM公司来电称，所交货物与合同规定不符，要求BR公司作出选择，要么提供山东大
44、蒜，要么降价，否则将撤消合同并提出贸易赔偿。试问，KM公司的要求是否合理？,Terms of commodity,Name of commodity,Quality of commodity,quantity of commodity,packing of commodity,我国一进出口商出口苹果酒一批，国外开来信用证货物品名为“Apple Wine”，我方为单证一致起见，所有单据上均用“Apple Wine”。不料货到国外后遭海关扣留罚款，因为该批酒的内外包装上均写的是Cider字样。,How to describe a commodity name?,By its main functi
45、on,By its raw material or major elements,By its exterior appearance,By commendatory term,By its workmanship,Quality of Commodity,Ways to describe quality,Quality of commodity,Sales by sample,Sales by specification, grade or standard,Sales by brand or trademark,Sales by description, drawing or diagra
46、m,Sale by sellers sample,Sale by buyers sample,Sale by counter sample,Sales by sample,original sample (原样) / type sample (标准样品) keep sample (留样) / duplicate sample (复样) return sample (回样) / counter sample (对等样品) sealed sample (封样) reference sample(参考样品),relevant words about sample,Sample NT002 Plush
47、 Toy Bear Size 24” “strictly same as sample” “quality to be about equal to the sample” “quality to be similar to the sample”,How to use samples to describe qualities,Sales by specification, grade or standard,Specifications are detailed descriptions of the goods to be sold. They include composition,
48、content, purity, strength, size, moisture, tension, etc. of the goods.,Plain Satin Silk： Width Length Weight Composition (inch) (Yds) (m/m) 55 38/42 16.5 100% Silk,Sales by grade,The same kind of commodities with different specifications may be classified into different grades,Fresh Hen Eggs , shell
49、 light brown and clean , ever in size Grade AA: 60 65gm per egg Grade A : 55 60gm per egg Grade B : 50 55gm per egg Grade C : 45 50gm per egg Grade D : 40 45gm per egg Grade F : 35 40gm per egg,Sales by standard,The specifications or grades that are laid down and proclaimed in a unified way by governme