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1、英语写作中的遣词、造句及句子润色,Contents,一、遣词 二、造句 三、句子润色 四、常用句型,一、遣词,1、词汇等级 所谓词汇的等级就是，我们在写作的过程中，如果想出一个基本词汇来之后，能够在这个基本词汇的基础上把它再提升一下，比如，我们一提到“重要的”，大多数同学首先会想到“important”这个单词，那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词：significant, vital, main, key, crucial 等。,More examples:,方面 sideaspects 表明 showdemonstrate, indicate 利用 useutilize 因此/结果so
2、therefore 部分 partproportion 提高 improveenhance 改变 changetransform 强调/重视 emphasize attach great importance to 培养 developcultivate 经常 oftenfrequently 使 makeenable,More examples:,very- exceedingly exciting-thrilling a lot of- an army of more and more popular- increasingly popular development- advancemen
3、t effects / influences- impacts know- be aware of because-in that at last-eventually but-however if-provided that,2、词汇准确性 所谓词汇的准确性是指，我们在有一个词近而想到它的同义词之后，要结合语境选择恰当的用词,并不是词汇等级越高越好，必须还要考虑到适合于不同的语境。 比如，眼睛大，这个“大的”形容词，我们首先会想到big,近而想到great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc。那么是不是用后面的词就可以了呢？或者说用上enorm
4、ous等词更能博得阅卷人的好感呢？答案是否定的。在这里很明显用后面的词来修饰眼睛是不可以，只能用big。,二、造句,1、词组 很多考生平时写作不太擅长用词组，对于他们而言最习惯的就是想到汉语，然后对应汉语思维写出英语句子，这种写作只能是单词的罗列组合，谈不上什么技巧文采可言，因此，写出来的文章必然就是平淡如流水，没有英语的味道。如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。 比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词，当我们想到important的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到“be of importance”。因为，语法中规定：形容
5、词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in-”。,2、句式 除了采用词组，要使文章更具英语的味道，我们还需要变换句式。没有受过正规作文训练的考生，通常采用的句式多为主谓宾、主系表。于是我们看到大多数的文章充斥着这样的形式： I am a good boy, and I am a student. I study in Shandong University, and I have three years experience in Qilu Hotel. 这样流水帐式的文章显然不能得到高分。,写作中阅卷人喜
6、欢的句式有以下两种： （1）是插入语 （2）是倒装。 （1）插入语。 所谓插入语，英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语；第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。 Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city. Other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with
7、 our problems.,插入语的作用主要有两个： 一个是突出主语，比如说： He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student. 第二个作用是解释说明，比如说： People, especially students, should work hard.,（2）倒装 倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套，但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。 常用的倒装形式有以下几种： Only + 时间状语 Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at
8、 all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future. Only + 介词词组 Only by planning his time carefully can he improve efficiency and make achievements. Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps.,否定词位于句首（hardly when; never; not only-,but also-; seldom）
9、在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人 Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man. 地点方位名词位于句首 In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.,3、修辞 无论是汉语写作还是英语写作，修辞其实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例的展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等等。这里仅举一个比喻例子，还是拿“重要的”来举例。当你用完词组之后，如果你用上下面句子，则文章就会显得
10、神采飞扬，试比较： The bicycle is important for us. The bicycle is of importance for us. The bicycle plays an important role in our life. The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life. The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment i
11、n our life.,三、句子的润色,1、用高级结构让句子靓起来 （1）使用强调句： 用do，does，did强调一般时态的谓语动词；用it is.that.强调谓语之外的各种句子成分。如： It was not until she took off her glasses that her father recognized her. 直到她摘下眼镜她父亲才认出她。,（2）使用倒装句。如： Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有用这种方法我们才可以学好英语。 （3）使用with的复合结构。如： With the noise going
12、on，I couldnt go on studying. 由于那噪音的持续，我无法继续学习。 （4）使用非谓语动词。如： Located at the southwest corner of our school，the botanical garden has an area of 1000 square meters. 校园西南角，面积1000平方米。,（5）恰当使用被动句。如： Above all，something must be done to stop polluting. 最重要的是，必须釆取某些措施来阻止污染。 （6）使用各类从句，如使用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。 （7
13、）“数词+名词”改用“as many as+数词+名词”。 （8）使用what引导的主语从句。 （9）适当使用插入语。如: I guess，however，in a way，certainly，in my opinion，probably，generally speaking，believe it or not，besides，whats more等。,即时练习使用上述润色技巧，合并或改写下列句子。 1.I realized the importance of English when I entered senior high school.(强调句) 2.We can live a hap
14、py life only by this means.(倒装),It was when I entered senior high school that I realized the importance of English.,Only by this means can we live a happy life.,3.He fell asleep.The lights were still on.(with结构) 4.When I heard that，I was much moved.(非谓语动词),He fell asleep with the lights on.,Hearing
15、that，I was much moved.,5.They carried out a survey among 260 students.(被动语态) 6.They were faced with many problems. They didnt lose heart.(非谓语动词),A survey was carried out among 260 students.,Faced with many problems，they didnt lose heart.,7.It was getting dark. And it began to rain.(插入语) 8.He worked
16、very hard. He made great progress in his study.(改为复合句),It was getting dark. What was worse, it began to rain.,He worked so hard that he made great progress in his study.,9.He offered me a piece of advice that I should cheer up and start all over again. (what引导的主语从句) 10.I got on a bus. There were alr
17、eady too many people on it.(定语从句),What he offered me was a piece of advice that I should cheer up and start all over again.,I got on a bus on which there were already too many people.,11. 50% of the students surveyed choose super stars as their idols.(强调数字),As many as 50% of the students surveyed ch
18、oose super stars as their idols.,2、简单句合并成并列句或复合句 有时为了使句子的连贯性更强，表达也更为贴切、自然，我们在两个或者多个简单句之间加上and，but，or(或者，否则)，for(因为)，while(而，却)，when(就在这个时候)等并列连词，就成为并列复合句。如： Our outdoor activity will last 3 hours. Well be back at about 11 oclock Our outdoor activity will last 3 hours and well be back at about 11 ocl
19、ock.,在两个或者多个简单句之间加上when，after，as，because，where，which，who等从属连词，可以使简单句变成复合句，从而扩展成主从复合句。如：, I forgot to post the letter. I wrote it yesterday. (改为含定语从句的复合句) I forgot to post the letter which I wrote yesterday. He missed the first bus. He came to school late. (改为含状语从句的复合句) Because he missed the first bu
20、s，he came to school late. He missed the first bus，so he came to school late.,即时练习按要求对下列句子进行扩展。 1.He was tired. He went to bed. 2.Our teacher must be at home. The door is open.,He was tired，so he went to bed.,Our teacher must be at home，for the door is open.,3. A satellite is an object. A satellite t
21、ravels in an orbit round another object in space. A satellite is either natural or man-made.,A satellite is an object，either natural or man-made，which travels in an orbit round another object in space.,4. Air traffic controllers tell pilots when to land. Air traffic controllers tell pilots when to t
22、ake off. Air traffic controllers know the positions of planes flying to the airport. Air traffic controllers know the positions of all planes flying from the airport. Air traffic controllers use radar to help them.,4. Air traffic controllers not only tell pilots when to land and when to take off，but
23、 also know the positions of all planes flying from and to the airport with the help of radar.,5. There was once a famous detective. He was named Sherlock Holmes. He lived in London. The time was at the end of the nineteenth century.,5.There was once a famous detective named Sherlock who lived in Lon
24、don at the end of the nineteenth century.,6. He was well known for his expert advice. He was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs.,6.Well known for his expert advice，he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs.,7. Natural resources are very l
25、imitedThey will be exhausted in the near futureIt is not trueBut it becomes a major concern around the worldThis is a widely accepted fact 这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用连接词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。 It is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the worl
26、d for the exhaustion of limited natural resources in the near future，though it is unlikely to be true,8. The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world，and in spring time it often overflows its banks，and the lives of many people are endangered 此句用and把三个分句一贯到底，既乏味又可笑。如果使用了关系代词which，语
27、义就会更连贯，语言也会更流畅： The Mississippi River，which is one of the longest rivers in the world，often overflows its banks in the spring time，endangering the lives of many people,3、改变句子开头 许多学生在写作中倾向于用与人有关系的词性，用名词和代词作为句子的开头，如 People，We，I，He，They，She等。但这种开头见多了，难免让人厌倦。试比较： APeople throughout the country have grea
28、tly demanded all kinds of nutritious food BThere is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food,第一句用人称名词作为主语开头，第二句则用there be句型开头。这样既改变了主语谓语宾语单调句型，又把想强调的意思突出出来。实际上，为了把文章写得生动活泼，除了用主语开头外，还可以用句子的其他成分开头。 1用副词开头 Too often，students stray into the habit of cheating on tests 2用同位语开头 Ai
29、r，water and oxygen，everything that is necessary for life ,3用状语开头 Dark and empty，the house looked very different from the way I remembered it 4用表语开头 Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent effort 5用宾语开头 My advice you would not listen to；my
30、helps you laughed atNow you will have what you asked for,6以短语修饰语开头 1）以介词短语开头 To me the news was very interesting，but to my wife very boring 2）以分词短语开头 Dissatisfied with what his son was saying, the old man left the room in a rage. 3）以不定式短语开头 To pass the exam，you should work very hard,4、长短句交插 长句和短句各有其
31、优点和缺点。长句，因为使用的定语、状语较多，限制了概念的外延，增大了概念的内涵，所以比较精确、严密，但使用起来不够活泼简便。短句，由于字数少，直截了当，一般比较简洁、明快、有力，但不利于表达复杂的语义内容。在具体语言活动中，最好长短句交替使用。这既体现了节奏上的要求，也是给文章润色的技巧之一。,（1）We can imagine the beautiful surroundings（2）There are many trees along the streets（3）There is a clean river in the city（4） There are many fishes in t
32、he river（5）There are willow trees on the one side（6）There are some pieces of grassland on the other side（7）There are many flowers on them 文中七个句子都是简单句，句型结构单一，而且句子长短同一，都在七、八词左右，十分单调。,修改后的段落： （1）Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener（2）Green trees line the streets（3）A cle
33、an river winds through the city，in which a lot of fishes abound（4）On the one side stand rows of willow trees（5）On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers 改写后的这段文字，有长句（1）、（3）、（5），也有短句（2）和（4），一长一短，抑扬顿挫的节奏感就出来了。不仅句子长短交插，而且句型结构变化也很大，使文章流畅自然，生动活泼。,四、英语作文活用句型集
34、锦,1. 不用说 It goes without saying that = It is obvious that = Obviously, S. + V. 例不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. 是不可能的; 无法 There is no Ving 例不可否认的成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is no denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.,3. 我深信 I am greatly
35、convinced (that)子句 = I am greatly assured (that)子句 例我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种之中 Among various kinds of , 例在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. 是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that)子句 6. 无论如何强调都不为过 cannot
36、be overemphasized,7. 就我的看法；我认为 In my opinion, = To my mind, . = As far as I am concerned, = I am of the opinion that子句 8. (A) 每个人都知道 Everyone knows (that)子句 (B) 就我所知 As far as my knowledge is concerned, 9. 毫无疑问地 There is no doubt (that)子句 10. 根据我个人经验 According to my personal experience, = Based on m
37、y personal experience, ,11. 在我认识的人当中也许没有一个人比更值得我尊敬。 Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than 12. 在我的求学过程中我忘不了 In the course of my schooling. I will never forget 13. (A) 随着人口的增加 With the increase/growth of the population, (B) 随着科技的进步, With the advance of science and technol
38、ogy, 14. (A) 在这信息的年代扮演重要的角色。 In the age of information and communication, plays an important role. (B) 在今日工业社会中是生命不可或缺的。 In todays industrial society, is indispensable to life. 15. 在讨论一个人不得不承认。 In dealing with , one cannot but admit (that)子句,16. 世上没有什么比更令我高兴。 Nothing in the world can delight me so m
39、uch as . 17. 每当我听到我就忍不住感到兴奋。 Whenever I hear , I cannot but feel excited. 18. 的主要理由是 The main reason why is (that)子句 19. 据说 It is said (that)子句 一般认为 It is thought (that)子句 大家都知道 It is known (that)子句 据报导 It is reported (that)子句 一般预料 It is expected (that)子句 一般估计 It is estimated (that)子句 一般相信 It is bel
40、ieved (that)子句,20 是必要的 It is necessary that S (should) V 是重要的 It is important/essential that S (should) V 是适当的 It is proper that S (should) V 是紧急的 It is urgent that S (should) V It must be pointed out that.必须指出 It must be admitted that.必须承认 It is imagined that.人们认为 It can not be denied that.不可否认 It
41、will be seen from this that.由此可知 It should be realized that.必须认识到 It is (always) stressed that.人们(总是)强调 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that.可以毫不夸张地说,21. Well goes an old saying, “ = As an old saying goes(runs, says), “ = An old saying goes, “ 例俗话说得好：诚实为上策。 As an old saying goes, “Honest
42、y is the best policy.“ 22. (A) 用下列方法 in the following ways. (B) 有三个主要理由。 for three major reasons. (C) 要至少我们可做三件事。 To , there are at least three things we can do.,23. 那就是(说)；亦即 That is to say, = That is, = Namely, 例我们生活需有规律。也就是说早睡早起戒除烟酒。 We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep good hours
43、 and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities. 24. (A) 基于这个理由 For this reason, (B) 为了这个目的 For this purpose, 25. 我们有理由相信 We have reasons to believe (that)子句 26. 事实上 As a matter of fact, = In fact, 例事实上健康才是最重要。 As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.,27. (A) 例如 For example, (B)
44、 拿做例子 Take for example. 28. 此外我们不应忽视 Besides (In addition), we should not neglect 29. 相反地 on the contrary, = by contrast, 例相反地少数学生似乎还在鬼混。 On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around. 30. 另一方面on the other hand, 31. 然而很可惜的是However, it is a pity that 例然而很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。 However, i
45、t is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.,32. 更严重的是。 What is more serious is (that)子句 33. 鉴于社会的实际需要。 In view of the practical need of society, . 34. 如果能实践这三点。 If one can really put the three points into action (practice), 35. 做这些简单之事我们一定可以。 By doing these simple things, we surely
46、can . 例做这些简单之事我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。 By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.,36. 如此我相信。 In this way, I believe (that)子句 37. (A) 唯有符合此三项要求我们才能。 Only by living up to the three requirements, can we . (B) 唯有通力合作我们才能。 Only with combined efforts,
47、can we . 38. 最后但并非最不重要Last but no least, . 39. 这证据显示的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。 This evidence shows that the importance of cannot be overemphasized. 例这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。 This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.,40. 总而言之。 In conclusion, = To sum up, 41. 因此我们能下个结论那就是。
48、 We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)子句 42. 如果我们能做到如上所述毫无疑问地。 If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that)子句 43. 因此这就是的原因。 Thus, this is the reason why . 例因此这就是我重感冒的原因。 Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.,44. 所以我们应该了解。 Therefore, we should realize (that)子句 45. 因此由上列的讨论我们可以明了。 We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion (that)子句 例因此由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。 We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty. 4