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1、学术英语 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,5,Sociology Matters Cultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences. In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop, and how cultures influence one another through their technological, commercial, and ar
2、tistic achievements.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Unit Contents,Text A,Text B,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Lead-in,Text C,Lead-in,Task Read the first paragraph of the text. Work in pairs and write down two examples of the development of culture in China.,1 _ 2 _,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical re
3、ading and thinking Difficult sentences Group discussion English language for academic purpose,Collocations Signpost language Formal English,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis Analyzing the text by explaining key terms 1 Culture,the totality of learn
4、ed, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 2 Cultural universals,adaptations to meet essential human needs, such as peoples need for food, shelter, and clothing e.g. athletic sports
5、, cooking, funeral ceremonies, medicine, and sexual restrictions (Anthropologist George Murdock) (Para.2),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture: 1) discovery: making known or sharing the exis
6、tence of some aspect of reality e.g. the finding of the DNA molecule; identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5) 2) invention: an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before. e.g. the bow and arrow, automobile, the Internet (Para.5),3 Innovat
7、ion,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 4 Globalization,the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas e.g. Starbucks in China (Para.6),Unit 5 Sociology Matt
8、ers,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 5 Diffusion,the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. e.g. Diffusion can occur through a variety of means: exploration, military conquest, missionary work, the influence or the mass media,
9、tourism, and the Internet. (Para.7),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 6 McDonaldization,the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout
10、the world,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,McDonaldization is associated with the melting of cultures. Examples: In Japan: African entrepreneurs have found a thriving market for hip-pop fashions popularized by teens in the United States. (Para.9) In Austria: th
11、e McDonalds organization has drawn on Austrians love of coffee, cake, and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain. (Para.9),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,In some societies, McDonaldization has met resistance to the invasion of too much culture from
12、 other countries. Examples: In Canada: 35% of a stations daytime radio programming is required be devoted to Canadian songs or artists. (Para.10) In Brazil: Barbies popularity has been eclipsed by Susi, a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls. (Para.10),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical r
13、eading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 7 Technology,cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires e.g. Technology has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. (Para.11),Uni
14、t 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 8 Material culture,the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including food items, houses, factories, and raw materials,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Anal
15、ysis 9 Nonmaterial culture,ways of using material objects and customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication It is more resistant to change than material culture.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 10 Cultural lag,the per
16、iod of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions e.g. the ethics of using the Internet, such as issues concerning privacy and censorship (Para.12),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,The cultural practices listed by Murdock may
17、 be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. (Para.3), These cultural practices in Murdocks list are common to many societies, but these practices are carried out in ways that differ greatly among different cultures.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Diffic
18、ult sentences,Each generation, and each year for that matter, most human cultures change and expand through the processes of innovation and diffusion. (Para.4), For that matter is used to show that a statement is true in another situation. Here it emphasizes the fact that human cultures change rapid
19、ly.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Today, more and more cultural expressions and practices are crossing national borders, transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them. (Para.7), Today cultural expressions and practices of different countries are influ
20、encing each other. Hence the traditions and customs of many societies are changed under the influence .,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Sociologist George Ritzer coined the term “McDonaldization” (Para.8), Coin: to use a word or phrase that no one has used before. Coining of new
21、terms is common in social science studies, often serving to introduce a new concept or theory.,Her wardrobe includes(Para.10), The clothes that the Brazilian doll has,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Todays technological developments no longer need await publication in journals wi
22、th limited circulation. Press conferences, often carried simultaneously on the Internet, now trumpet new developments.(Para.11), Today when new technology is developed, it does not have to introduce itself in specific journals; rather it normally draws on online press conferences to spread the infor
23、mation.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,the ethics of using the Internet, particularly issues concerning privacy and censorship, have not yet caught up with the explosion in Internet use and technology. (Para.12), The Internet ethical issues, particularly privacy and censorship i
24、ssues are not fully discussed and well developed, thus is lagging behind the rapid increase in the Internet use and technology.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,Group Discussion,It is said that people in different societies take different attitudes toward diffusion. What kind of attitude do Chinese p
25、eople take toward diffusion? Use examples to illustrate your point.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Collocation,Text A,English language for academic purpose,人们对衣食住的需求 推出新概念 解除现有的工作关系 改变社会传统和习俗,Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96), peoples need for food, shelter
26、, and clothing introducing a new idea sweep away existing working relationships transform the traditions and customs of the society,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,1,Text A,English language for academic purpose, dilute the distinctive aspects of a societys culture the cultural invasion from other countries
27、 satisfy human needs and desires issues concerning privacy and censorship,削弱社会文化中的特殊方面 来自于其他国家的文化侵略 满足人类的需求和欲望 关于隐私和审查的问题,Collocation,Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96),Unit 5 Sociology Matters,1,Text A,2,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocat
28、ions in the box. (P97),English language for academic purpose,Collocation,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,human needs and desires level of privacy material culture social consequences working relationship worldwide integration,2,Text A,2,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97),
29、English language for academic purpose,Collocation,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Internet users may achieve an adequate _ through controlled disclosure of personal information. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the _ of population decline and aging in Japan. Sociologists use the term “globali
30、zation” to refer to the resulting _ of government policies, cultures, social movements and financial markets.,level of privacy,social consequences,worldwide integration,2,Text A,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97),English language for academic purpose,Collocation,Un
31、it 5 Sociology Matters,A final recommendation of the consultants was a radical attempt to forge a closer _ between the board and staff members. In the social sciences, “_” is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. Abraham Maslow wrote his Hierarchy of Needs th
32、eory wherein he attempted to document the five levels of _.,human needs and desires,material culture,working relationship,2,Signpost language,may be classified in a variety of ways At the essay level be sorted into functional groups Depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer Paragraphs may a
33、lso be classified,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Task 2 Classification Read the paragraph on Page 98 and underline signpost language of classification.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,In academic writing, claims are often couched in tentative language. This is known as hedging.,English
34、 language for academic purpose,Formal English,Modal auxiliary verbs: can, could, may, might, should, would Other modal verbs: appear, look, seem, tend Probability adjectives: likely, possible, probable, unlikely Probability adverbs: perhaps, possibly, probably, presumably Frequency adverbs: generall
35、y, occasionally, often, seldom, usually,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text A,2,Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98),English language for academic purpose,Formal English,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,The cultural practices listed by Murdock _ be universal, but the manner in which they
36、are expressed varies from culture to culture. For example, one society _ let its members choose their own marriage partners. Another _ encourage marriages arranged by the parents.,may,may,may,Text A,2,Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98),Formal English,Unit 5 Sociology Matte
37、rs,Globalization _ be defined as the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field _ be simply summarized: “People respond to incentives. The rest
38、is commentary.”,may,could,English language for academic purpose,Text A,2,Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98),Formal English,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,When deciding how safely to drive, rational people compare, _ unconsciously, the marginal benefit from safer driving to the m
39、arginal cost. Economists, like astronomers and evolutionary biologists, _ have to make do with whatever data the world happens to give them. Workers unemployed for many months are more _ to suffer economic and psychological hardship.,likely,usually,perhaps,English language for academic purpose,Text
40、B,Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Researching,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text B,Sociologists view on globalization “Globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions.” (Charles Tilly) tourist gaz
41、e the expectation on the part of the tourist that he or she will have exotic experiences while traveling abroad,Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text B,Effects of globalization on international tourism Globalization has greatly expanded the possibilities
42、 for international travel. (Para.2;find statistics to illustrate it) High level of international tourism translated into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries.,Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text B
43、,exotic experiences experiences that violate our everyday expectation about how social interaction and interaction with the physical environment are supposed to proceed e.g. Americans traveling in England may delight in the fact that the British drive on the left-hand side of the road.(Para.3),Criti
44、cal reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text B,Most of tourists do not want their experiences to be too exotic. e.g. the popularity of McDonald in Paris among young American tourists (Para. 4),Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5 Sociology Ma
45、tters,Text B,What can sociologists study about the tourist increases with the march of globalization? e.g. dominant patterns of interaction that emerge between tourists and locals; whether these interactions are friendly or antagonistic (Para.6),Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,
46、Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text B,Difficult sentences,Americans, of course, have always interacted with people from foreign lands if for no other reason than America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.(Para. 1),Americans, of course, have always communicated with people from other cu
47、ltures simply because America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text B,Difficult sentences,“globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions” (Para. 1),Globalization means those social interactions that
48、 used to just impact the local community now has an impact that reaches beyond the local area.,Unit 5 Sociology Matters,Text B,Difficult sentences,High levels of international tourism, of course, translate into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries. (Para.3), High levels of international tourism, of course, leads to an increase in face-to-face communications between people of diff