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1、AbstractWith the fast development of economy, the distance between people all over the word is getting smaller and smaller. It is not uncommon that a variety of great changes have come into being. So people can easily find that the culture around us is exposed to various types. As Marx once said, ec
2、onomic infrastructure determines the upper building. So, the fast developing global economy has led to the various cultures especially many new kinds of culture. Though it may be a new conception, actually the phenomenon has existed for a long time, namely the endocentric culture and the exocentric
3、culture. These two kinds of culture are so interesting that it stimulates many peoples curiousness. However, they havent showed too many opinions about this topic yet. Now this paper will discuss with you about this two kinds of new culture in lexicology.Key Words: language, culture, endocentric, ex
4、ocentric 摘要随着经济的快速发展，世界人们之间的距离在逐渐缩小。一系列重大变化的发生是不足奇怪的。比如，我们周边的文化已经有了很多种形式。正如马克思所说，经济基础决定上层建筑。所以我们可以说，快速发展的全球经济带来了各种各样的文化，尤其是很多新的文化。虽然可能是一个新概念，事实上这个现象已经存在有好长时间了，即向心文化和离心文化。这两种新颖的文化引起了人们的兴趣，但是关于这个话题还没有很多人发表他们的看法。本文将在文里和大家讨论一下向心文化和离心文化在词汇学中的的体现。关键词：语言，文化，向心的，离心的Introduction:We all know culture, which, i
5、n a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can b
6、e mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc. Most of us may be familiar with the material culture or spiritual culture, but this context will introduce to you about the two new cultures, namely endocentric culture and exocentric culture. (Dai, 2001:127)First, whats endocen
7、tric culture? According to the construction of the word, endocentric means everything around the center is attracted by the center, so endocentric culture refers to a kind of culture which a group of people are conscious of protecting their local culture. Every aspect of their life shows their prote
8、ction and superiority of their own culture. (Zhu, 1984:5)Then, whats exocentric culture? According to the construction of the word, exocentric means something is moving out of the center, so exocentric culture can be understood like this: it is a trend that people in a group are trying to give up on
9、es local culture and to adapt to other cultures. They will leave their hometown and go to another city and try their best to adapt to everything in that city. (Saussure, 1980:186)All the above is the main conception of the paper, and this paper is divided into five parts, the first is an introductio
10、n of the context, and secondly, the paper will discuss with you about the necessity of the appearance of the two kinds of culture. Third the paper will present to you with the detailed expressions of the two new cultures and you will realize they just exist around us and we are just unconscious of t
11、his. Next, a survey will be given to support my point and show you the real thoughts of college students about the endocentric culture and the exocentric culture. Finally, there is a conclusion of this paper.Chapter 1 The inevitability of the existence of the two kinds of culture1.1 The reasons why
12、the exocentric culture could come into being?About the reason why exocentric culture exists in the society, the context will present it from two aspects. First, the geography of the place maybe one of the crucial factors determines whether the culture will be exocentric or not. We can see that a pla
13、ce which is located at a field of poor land will finally lose their culture and merge into others culture. They have no choice in that natural environment around them which just likes a locked case. People will find that cities along with the sea or the gulfs are more likely to be the main steam amo
14、ng the cities around. Take Jiangsu Province in China as an example, the culture and life of south Jiangsu may have more attraction than that of north. Second, the development of economy in a district influences the cultures type a lot. People struggle for life today, we need bread and butter to keep
15、 the life surviving. (Bao, 1986:6)It is inevitably that people in undeveloped districts will pour into developing or developed districts to find some chances raising themselves. The development of local economy will actually influence peoples culture option there. And they will put aside their origi
16、nal culture and try everything to adapt to the new culture, which calls cultural adherence. Just as a foreigner who want to know Chinese culture and people. He or she should first learn Chinese to communicate with Chinese people. Then he or she should also eat rice rather than bull steak, use chopst
17、icks rather than fox; wear Chinese traditional cloth to show friendliness. Thus their original culture will be forget for few times of practice and may be an exocentric culture. 1.2 The reasons why the endocentric culture could come into being?As to endocentric culture, the reasons that it could exi
18、st may be as follows. First the birthplaces of the endocentric culture usually have a good geographic location. Shanghai is a typical city which is surrounded by the sea and Beijing is a typical political and economic city which has a long history. (Lu, 1956:7)I think the sense of superiority in the
19、 local place may be one of the most important reasons. Also take Jiangsu province as an example. The south part of Jiangsu calls “the hometown of the rice and fish”, people there may feel superior to those of north part. This is also a factor relates to the economic condition. Here is a story. If a
20、girl in the south falling love in a boy in the north, they will face a lot of difficulties than the two both from the same place. As a child who grows up in the south, I see a lot of such cases. The parents will feel inferior to others if their daughter marries a boy from the north. In their eyes, t
21、he north is a symbol of poor, barbarian etc. The boy may be more acceptable if he has a promising and bright future. In contrast, boys in the north will not marry girls from the south unless boys have no choice because of some reasons such as financial problems. This sense of superiority undoubtedly
22、 based on the good economic development condition in the south.Furthermore, the policy that the local government comes up to protect the local cultures also an important factor in shaping the endocentric culture. In shanghai, the education department has published some official books to protect thei
23、r local language. As the mandarin has become universal in China, students in the class are guided to say mandarin instead of local language. The action of shanghai government attributes to protect the local language and culture. It also indicates people in shanghai wish the next generation keep thei
24、r superiority. (Xu, 1988:8) As is described above, we can make a simple comparison between them. First, the geographic reason may also be a factor in shaping the two kind of culture. The endocentric one may have a good geographical condition, while the exocentric one may has a disadvantaged conditio
25、n, especially the transportation condition. Second, we can say places where have a good economic development condition have a tendency to be an endocentric culture. In contrast, the less developed places may be likely to be an exocentric culture. Third, peoples belief is different between the two ki
26、nds of culture. People from the endocentric culture try everything to protect their own culture and always cautious of treating other places culture. In contrast, people from the exocentric culture must work hard to adapt to other culture and make themselves more acceptable to people there. So we ca
27、n say the two kinds of culture have the same base to shape themselves, but they are two different expressions of the bases. No matter the culture is an endocentric one or an exocentric one; it is never the original culture any more. Because they are both the consequences of the interaction influence
28、s of different factors such as the economy, belief, custom and so on.Chapter 2 Specific expressions of the two kinds of new cultureLanguage and culture, intrinsically dependent on each other, have evolved together through the history. Their mutual dependence can find proof in the rise of civilizatio
29、n, the development of writing and human communication. So, we can also understand two new cultures by showing their linguistic expressions. (Li, 1994:23)2.1 Linguistic expressions about the exocentric culture in China2.1.1 Language gets some changes in local areas. Local language is losing anyway. B
30、ecause of the floating population, many students who go to a college in a big city instead of his own small one are more prone to hunt a job in the city he graduated and struggle a life there. He will have his family in the city, married with a girl and then has a baby. This child will has 1percent
31、to acquire his local language again, instead, the child will acquire the language of the city so as to adapt to this life environment quickly or just acquire Mandarin. The problem is the fathers original local language is losing according to this condition. This is also a kind of exocentric phenomen
32、on. Like this, there will be less and less people say their local language in aftertime and this local language will disappear sooner or later.2.1.2 We can see some language expressions in the names of product in China. Exposed to the influence of foreign culture and language, nowadays many products
33、 which are produced in China are more likely to be named foreigner names. It seems that everything which looks like foreign is a kind of fashion. Take cloth product for example, many brands which seemed like a foreigner one is actually made in China. When you shop at a shore today, there are few bra
34、nds which named in Chinese style. Brands like贝斯特, 塔斯曼，波司登，鄂尔多斯，雅戈尔are obviously not the Chinese style but they Chinese famous clothing brands. Maybe this kind of behavior will bring economic benefits to producers, but it is also an expression on exocentric culture.2.1.3 Our daily using language also
35、 has some changes. On some aspect, for many foreign words and expressions are hitting a hot in China, Chinese own expressions are fading away. More and more people are going to know what is Christmas and express ones wishes in a special way, but children in China seem like losing interest in our tra
36、ditional festival such as Dragon Boat festival, Mid-autumn Day and so on. This kind of cultural exocentric may lead to language exocentric. We send messages like“哈皮牛耶尔” during the new year，we use “小蜜” instead of “秘书”, “打的” instead of “出租车”, “卡路里”instead of “热量”， “比基尼”instead of “泳衣”F2F instead of “面
37、对面”. 2.1.4 The appearance of the Internet language also expresses some exocentric inclination. The blossom of Internet language today also brings some exocentric changes to our traditional language expressions. For example, on the Internet, people use words like “偶” instead of “我”, “为虾米” instead of
38、“为什么”, “银” instead of “人”, “稀饭” instead of “喜欢”, “酱紫” instead of “这样子”, “ 帅锅” instead of “ 帅哥”. People who travel around the Internet also use some numbers to express daily sayings. They use “88” not “bye-bye” to say goodbye to each other, they use “1314” not “all ones life” to show ones love, they
39、use “9494” not “thats right” to indicate agreement. Some interesting alphabet abbreviations are also used widely on the Internet. “GG” refers to “brother”, “JJ” refers to “sister”, and “BC” refers to “idiot” (Zhang, 2004:72)unwillingness to use our traditional language to communicate with each other
40、, new ways of expressions which seem like distortions to the normal role of language look like more attractive. It also indicates that the traditional ways of expressions are losing ones dramatic color, and the widely use of Internet language has penetrate into the real life, making more and more pe
41、ople a member of exocentric group.( Liao, n.d:3)2.2 Linguistic expressions about the endocentric culture in China2.2.1 Local language protection in some area or the refuge of accepting the language from other places. Shanghai local language is more likely to be an endocentric language, the expressio
42、ns of it like follows: first of all, local people in shanghai are trying everything to protect their own language, they make some TV shows such as Don fang TV which shanghai local language is only used in them, that is to say, they want to protect their daily sayings by mass media and let more peopl
43、e to hear the voice from shanghai. Second, Chinese can be divided into seven language districts, and Suzhous local language has been regarded as the typical language in the Wu local language district for a long time. However, in recent years, shanghais local language has taken the place of Suzhous b
44、ecoming the representative language in Wu language district. (Guo, 2008:15)This change may indicate that shanghai language has more attraction and use than that of Suzhou, and it also make the language an endocentric language for many more people pursuing it. Another expression is the Cantonese. (Li
45、, 1993:11) The most typical endocentric language in China may be the language of Guangzhou, namely Cantonese. Though there inevitably has some differences in Cantonese, Guangzhous language pronunciation as a standard pronunciation holds highly strong authority. Among the forty million to fifty milli
46、on people who speak Cantonese, there are nearly no difficulties. Especially the accent of those speeches which spread abroad is highly accordant with each other. (Li, 1991:5)2.2.2 We can see some endocentric linguistic expressions in the advertisement field.Attracted by the big market in China, many
47、 manufactures abroad come to China find commercial chances. From the use of the Chinese names instead of English, we can also feel the endocentric meaning of Chinese culture. Because they know sometimes Chinese names of brands are more prone to be accepted by Chinese. For example, “舒肤佳” seems like a
48、 Chinese brand, but it is made in US Procter&Gamble Company. Its origin name is Safeguard, and its Chinese name is so properly that attract many Chinese customers. Another example is electronic industry, except those who know something about English, foreigner product cant be easily accepted by Chin
49、ese consumer if they are not translate their foreigner brand into proper Chinese. Just like HP (惠普), Any call (三星)，Nokia(诺基亚)，Sony(索尼). From this aspect, Chinese seems to be endocentric.Besides, we also can see some expressions about endocentric and exocentricd culture in a company. An endocentric culture of a company may attract the employee around it. In contrast, an exocentric one will lose its human resource all the time. (Wang,