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1、 博士学位论文博士学位论文 哈尔滨城市居住区公共空间声环境 评价及分析研究 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF SOUND ENVIRONMENTS IN PUBLIC SPACES OF URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN HARBIN 董峻岩董峻岩 哈尔滨工业大学哈尔滨工业大学 2013 年年 07 月月 国内图书分类号：TU922 学校代码：10213 国际图书分类号：725.21 密级：公开 工学博士学位论文工学博士学位论文 哈尔滨城市居住区公共空间声环境 评价及分析研究 博 士 研 究 生 ： 董峻岩 导 师 ： 金 虹 教授 申请学位 ： 工学博
2、士 学科 ： 建筑技术科学 所 在 单 位 ： 建筑学院 答 辩 日 期 ： 2013 年 7 月 授予学位单位 ： 哈尔滨工业大学 Classified Index: TU922 U.D.C: 725.21 Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree in Engineering ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF SOUND ENVIRONMENTS IN PUBLIC SPACES OF URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN HARBIN Candidate： Junyan Dong Supervisor： Prof. Ho
3、ng Jin Academic Degree Applied for： Doctor of Engineering Speciality： Building Science and Technology Affiliation： School of Architecture Date of Defence： July, 2013 Degree-Conferring-Institution： Harbin Institute of Technology 摘 要 -I - 摘 要 城市居住区的公共空间形态构成和整体空间环境品质是影响城市整体的宜 居水平的关键要素之一。其质量会对使用者的生活产生很大
4、的影响，消极的居 住区公共空间会使居民对公共生活产生排斥感。当前，居住区公共空间在使用 的过程中存在诸多问题， 如何营建舒适的居住区公共空间声环境就是其中之一。 不利的声环境将对人们生理和心理双方面造成危害，包括听力视力的损害；心 血管系统的损害；甚至影响到人的神经系统，产生急躁，易怒等情绪。因此营 造令人们满意的居住区公共空间声环境，适宜的声场条件以及使用者、物理环 境等多方面因素与声环境影响的考虑， 可以解决人们对生存环境舒适度的要求， 缓解居民生活的压力，舒缓心情。 本文以哈尔滨典型居住区具有代表性的公共空间作为研究对象，将声环境 研究与居住区公共空间营造相结合，通过对既有研究成果与研究
5、方法进行梳理 和综述，结合现场实测调研、计算机软件模拟、问卷调查和统计分析等方法， 对哈尔滨典型居住区公共空间进行了全面深入调查与分析，从而拓宽了居住区 公共空间可持续发展的研究视野，确立了哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境的评价 方法与设计策略。 本文通过文献调研和实地考察对哈尔滨典型住区及代表性公共空间进行了 分析， 选取哈尔滨典型住区公共空间展开现场实测， 结合计算机软件模拟分析， 对居住区公共空间的声场分布特征和设计因子影响机制展开了研究，即规划层 面上的区块规模、建筑密度、后退距离、道路交通、空间绿化以及空间封闭性 等因素， 以及与建筑层面上的建筑开口、 建筑高度以及空间组合多样性等因素。
6、其次，对居住区居民展开问卷调研，通过调研结果的相关性分析，深入研究居 住区公共空间中声音、听者和环境三者的内在关系，对使用者基于声喜好的声 环境评价影响机制进行了解读，即交通声、施工声和商业设施声、自然声、人 行为声同使用者行为特征和社会特征方面存在的显著相关性。最后，综合实测 和模拟结果，依托问卷调研和统计分析结论，挖掘物理环境特征、设计因子与 声环境评价的关联性，分析了声环境总体特征和不同影响因素对哈尔滨居住区 公共空间声环境评价的影响。对居住区公共空间声环境舒适性的营造进行了针 对性的设计。对典型居住区抗噪性能进行评价，从宏观整体上把控，提出针对 居住区空间声环境的优化设计方法；并针对受
7、访者特征和物理环境因素影响下 的声环境评价分析结果，提出营建符合人们心理需求的舒适居住区声环境设计 策略和原则，以最终的成果来指导具体的居住区工程设计实践，从而体现了科 哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文 - II - 研成果的价值转换。 论文取得了下列创造性研究成果： （1）提出了居住区空间结构声环境的影响因子。 （2）揭示了使用者社会人口特征对居住区声环境评价影响的规律。 （3）探寻了居住区公共空间声环境设计策略。 本研究主要是以哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境进行展开，由于我国幅员辽 阔，各地空间环境各有不同，因此在今后本方向进一步后续研究中，可找南方 （如广州）等地设计院进行深入，以适应全国的运
8、用。 关键词：城市居住区；公共空间；声环境；环境噪声；声评价；哈尔滨 Abstract -III - Abstract Generally, Pattern construction and overall space environment quality of public area in urban are important factors which can influence overall suitable living level of city. Their quality can influent peoples life seriously, such as negati
9、ve public area of residential area leads people reject public life. Of course, there are still some problems in using process of public area of residential area, including how to build comfortable acoustic environment of public area in residential area. Bad acoustic environment will harm peoples phy
10、siology and mentality, including audition, vision, cardiovascular system, which even will harm peoples nervous system so that make irritable and fractious emotion. Therefore, suitable acoustic environment of public area in residential area, sound condition, users, physical environment and other fact
11、ors can meet comfort level needs of living environment, which can remit their life pressure and relieve their temper. Taking representative public area of typical Harbin residential area as study of object, this thesis combines acoustic environment research and public area construction of residentia
12、l area to study and analysis public area of typical Harbin residential area roundly and deeply by methods of field research, computer software simulation, questionnaire and statistic analysis to broaden research vision of its sustainable development for establishing evaluation methodology and design
13、 strategy. Through researching literature and field study of typical Harbin residential area and representative public area, the writer chooses public area of Harbin typical residential area to do the field visit by combing computer software simulation analysis to research influence factors mechanis
14、m of sound space distribution characteristics and design, which includes district model, construction density, backway, road traffic, space greening, space closure on the level of planning, and building openings, height and variety of spatial organization on the level of construction. Second, throug
15、h questionnaire survey and analysis about result correlation, the writer studies the relationship among sound, listeners and environment in public area of residential area to interpret acoustic environment valuation mechanism of users sound favor. That is studying the correlation between sound, incl
16、uding traffic sound, construction sound, commercial design sound, nature sound, human behavior sound, and users behavior and social characteristics. Last, combing results of field research and simulation, the writer explores correlations among physical environment characteristics, design factors and
17、 acoustic environment valuation, and analyzes the influence of general 哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文 - IV - characteristics of acoustic environment and different factors to acoustic environment valuation of public area in Harbin residential area by the methods of questionnaire survey and statistic analysis. In ad
18、dition, the writer does pointed design for constructing comfort acoustic environment in public area of residential area. By analyzing anti-noise of typical residential area, the writer puts forward prioritization plan to acoustic environment of residential space from macroscopic perspective. Moreove
19、r, focusing on analysis results of interviewee characteristics and physical influences factors, the writer puts forward design strategy and principle of constructing the acoustic environment which can meet peoples psychological needs. Directing concrete design of residential area, this thesis can em
20、body the value shift of scientific payoffs. This thesis gets following achievement: (1) Putting forward the influence factors of acoustic environment in space structure of residential area. (2) Revealing laws of population characteristics of users society to acoustic environment of residential area.
21、 (3) Exploring acoustic environment design strategy of public area in residential area. This research focuses on acoustic environment of public area in Harbin residential area. We can study some southern cities to study in the further research to adapt to application of nationwide, because different
22、 places have different characteristics of space and environment. Keywords: urban residential area, public space, acoustic environment, environmental noise, acoustic evaluation; harbin 目 录 -V - 目 录 摘 要 I Abstract . III 第 1 章 绪论 1 1.1 课题的背景及来源 1 1.1.1 研究背景 1 1.1.2 课题来源 3 1.2 课题研究的目的和意义 . 3 1.2.1 课题研究的
23、目的 . 3 1.2.2 课题研究的意义 . 4 1.3 居住区公共空间声环境研究综述 . 5 1.3.1 居住区公共空间发展概况 . 5 1.3.2 声环境研究综述 . 8 1.3.3 相关概念的界定 . 15 1.4 研究内容和方法 16 1.4.1 研究内容 16 1.4.2 研究方法 17 1.5 论文研究的框架 18 第 2 章 哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境调查 . 20 2.1 初步研究样本的选择 . 20 2.2 居住区公共空间声环境客观数据测量 22 2.2.1 测量仪器及测量条件 . 22 2.2.2 测试方法 23 2.2.3 测试数据的分布特征 . 24 2.3 居住区公共
24、空间声环境问卷的设计 . 25 2.3.1 居住区公共空间声环境问卷的设计程序 25 2.3.2 问卷内容的设计 . 27 2.4 调研实施 31 2.4.1 实地调查 31 2.4.2 受访者样本特征 . 31 2.4.3 声音测试样本分析 . 33 哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文 - VI - 2.5 本章小结 34 第 3 章 哈尔滨典型居住区公共空间声环境特征分析 36 3.1 典型居住区选择与特征分析 . 36 3.1.1 典型居住区的选择 . 36 3.1.2 典型居住区的特征分析 . 38 3.2 噪声图模拟软件在在居住区公共空间的应用 39 3.2.1 Cadna/A 软件在居
25、住区公共空间应用的可行性 . 40 3.2.2 Cadna/A 在居住区公共空间应用的特点 . 41 3.3 居住区公共空间声环境分析 . 44 3.3.1 亚麻厂居住区空间区域声环境分析 44 3.3.2 奋斗居住区公共空间声环境分析 . 46 3.3.3 泰山居住区公共空间声环境分析 . 48 3.4 不同形式居住区公共空间声环境解析 49 3.4.1 整体空间声环境对比分析 . 50 3.4.2 局部空间声环境对比分析 . 55 3.5 居住区空间声环境与空间结构的关系 66 3.5.1 不同空间结构下的声环境 . 66 3.5.2 声环境随空间结构的演变 . 69 3.6 本章小结 7
26、0 第 4 章 受访者特征对哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境评价的影响 . 72 4.1 受访者基本特征之间的关系 . 72 4.1.1 受访者社会特征之间的关系 . 72 4.1.2 受访者行为特征之间的关系 . 75 4.1.3 小结 79 4.2 受访者特征和交通声评价的影响 . 80 4.2.1 年龄、性别和交通声评价 . 80 4.2.2 文化程度、职业和交通声评价 . 82 4.2.3 月收入、健康状况和交通声评价 . 84 4.2.4 目的、到访次数、停留时间和交通声评价 85 4.3 受访者特征和施工声、商业设施声评价之间的关系 87 4.3.1 受访者社会因素和施工声、商业设施声评
27、价 87 4.3.2 受访者行为因素和施工声、商业设施声评价 93 4.4 受访者特征和自然声评价之间的关系 94 4.4.1 受访者特征和水声评价 . 95 目 录 -VII - 4.4.2 受访者特征和动物声评价 . 98 4.5 受访者特征和人行为声评价之间的关系 101 4.5.1 受访者社会因素和人行为声 . 101 4.5.2 受访者行为因素和人行为声 . 106 4.6 本章小结 108 第 5 章 物理环境特征对哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境评价的影响 . 110 5.1 物理环境特征之间的关系 . 110 5.1.1 研究的方法 110 5.1.2 相关系数确定 111 5.1.
28、3 人体舒适度指标与声环境评价 . 112 5.2 温度特征与声环境评价 . 113 5.2.1 温度对声环境评价的影响 . 113 5.2.2 温度评价与声环境评价的关系 . 115 5.3 湿度特征与声环境评价 . 117 5.3.1 湿度对声环境评价的影响 . 117 5.3.2 湿度评价与声环境评价的关系 . 119 5.4 风环境特征与声环境评价 . 121 5.4.1 风环境对声环境评价的影响 . 121 5.4.2 风环境评价与声环境评价的关系 . 123 5.5 光环境特征与声环境评价 . 125 5.5.1 光环境对声环境评价的影响 . 125 5.5.2 光环境评价与声环境
29、评价的关系 . 127 5.6 空气质量特征与声环境评价 . 130 5.6.1 空气质量对声环境评价的影响 . 130 5.6.2 空气质量评价对声环境评价的关系 130 5.7 本章小结 131 第 6 章 哈尔滨居住区公共空间声环境设计策略 132 6.1 基于典型空间特征的居住区公共空间声环境设计 132 6.1.1 相同交通条件下基本空间评价 . 132 6.1.2 相同交通条件下群体空间评价 . 137 6.1.3 居住区声环境的优化策略 . 142 6.2 基于受访者特征的居住区公共空间声环境设计 145 6.2.1 基于受访者社会特征的声环境设计 145 6.2.2 基于受访者
30、行为特征的声环境设计 146 哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文 - VIII - 6.3 基于物理环境特征的居住区公共空间声环境设计 146 6.3.1 基于温度因素的声环境设计 . 147 6.3.2 基于湿度因素的声环境设计 . 147 6.3.3 基于风环境因素的声环境设计 . 147 6.3.4 基于光环境因素的声环境设计 . 148 6.4 本章小结 148 结 论 . 150 参考文献 . 152 附录 1 城市综合环境性能评价调查问卷 160 附录 2 调查地点物理测量表 162 附录 3 居住区公共空间现场调研表 163 攻读学位期间发表的学术论文及其它成果 . 164 哈尔滨工
31、业大学学位论文原创性声明和使用权限 165 致 谢 . 166 个人简历 . 167 Contents -IX - Contents Abstract(in Chinese) I Abstract(in English) Chapter 1 Introduction 1 III 1.1 Background and Source 1 1.1.1 Background . 1 1.1.2 Source . 3 1.2 Purpose and Significance 3 1.2.1 Purpose . 3 1.2.2 Significance 4 1.3 Research overview ab
32、out acoustic environment of public area in residential area . 5 1.3.1 Development of public area in residential area . 5 1.3.2 Research overview about acoustic environment 5 1.3.3 Demarcation of relevant conception 15 1.4 Research content and methods 16 1.4.1 Contents 16 1.4.2 Methods 17 1.5 Chapter
33、 2 Investigation about acoustic environment of Harbin residential area 20 Framework . 17 2.1 Selection of preliminary research samples 20 2.2 Objective data observation of acoustic environment in residential area 22 2.2.1 Measuring instrument and condition . 22 2.2.2 Methods 23 2.2.3 Distribution ch
34、aracteristics of testing data 24 2.3 Questionnaire design of acoustic environment in residential area . 25 2.3.1 Design process 25 2.3.2 Content design 27 2.4 Investigation . 31 2.4.1 Field investigation 31 2.4.2 Sample characteristics of interviewees 31 2.4.3 Sample analysis of sound test . 33 2.5
35、Chapter3 Analysis of acoustic environment characteristics of public area in Summary 34 哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文 - X - Harbin typical residential area . 36 3.1 Selection and analysis of typical residential area 36 3.1.1 Selection of residential area 36 3.1.2 Analysis of residential area . 38 3.2 Application o
36、f noise pattern simulation software in public area of residential area . 39 3.2.1 Application feasibility of Cadna/A in public area of residential area 40 3.2.2 Application characteristics of Cadna/A of public area of residential area . 41 3.3 Analysis of acoustic environment of public area in resid
37、ential area 44 3.3.1 Acoustic environment analysis of space region in Yama factory residential area . 44 3.3.2 Acoustic environment analysis of space region in Fendou residential area . 46 3.3.3 Acoustic environment analysis of space region in Taishan residential area . 48 3.4 Acoustic environment a
38、nalysis of public area in different residential area 49 3.4.1 Contrastive analysis of acoustic environment in overall space 50 3.4.2 Contrastive analysis of acoustic environment in partial space . 55 3.5 Relationship between acoustic environment and space structure of residential area . 66 3.5.1 Aco
39、ustic environment in different space structure 66 3.5.2 Acoustic environment development with space structure 69 3.6 Chapter 4 Influence of interviewee characteristics to acoustic environment evaluation of public area in Harbin residential area . 72 Summary 70 4.1 Relationship of basic characteristi
40、cs among interviewee 72 4.1.1 Relationship of social characteristics among interviewee . 72 4.1.2 Relationship of behavior characteristics among interviewee . 75 4.1.3 Summary 79 4.2 Influence and interviewee characteristics and traffic sound valuation . 80 4.2.1 Age, gender and traffic sound valuat
41、ion 80 4.2.2 Degree of education、 career and traffic sound valuation 82 4.2.3 Monthly、income、 physical condition and traffic sound valuation 84 4.2.4 Purpose 、visit frequency、duration of time and traffic sound valuation . 85 4.3 Relationship between interviewee characteristics and sound valuation of
42、 construction and commercial facilities 87 Contents -XI - 4.3.1 Social factors of interviewee and sound valuation of construction and commercial facilities 87 4.3.2 Behavior factors of interviewee and sound valuation of construction and commercial facilities 93 4.4 Relationship between interviewee c
43、haracteristics and nature sound valuation 94 4.4.1 Relationship between interviewee characteristics and water sound valuation 95 4.4.2 Relationship between interviewee characteristics and animal sound valuation 98 4.5 Relationship between interviewee characteristics and human behavior sound valuatio
44、n . 101 4.5.1 Social factor of interviewee and human behavior sound . 101 4.5.2 Behavior factor of interviewee and human behavior sound . 106 4.6 Chapter 5 Influence of physical environment to sound valuation of public area in Harbin residential area . 110 Summary 108 5.1 Relationship among characte
45、ristics of physical environment 110 5.1.1 Methods 110 5.1.2 Confirmation of relevant coefficient . 111 5.1.3 Index of body comfort level and acoustic environment valuation . 112 5.2 Temperature characteristics and acoustic environment valuation 113 5.2.1 Influence of temperature to acoustic environm
46、ent valuation . 113 5.2.2 Influence of temperature valuation and acoustic environment valuation . 115 5.3 Humidity characteristics and acoustic environment valuation . 117 5.3.1 Influence of humidity to acoustic environment valuation 117 5.3.2 Relationship between humidity valuation and acoustic env
47、ironment valuation 119 5.4 Wind environment characteristics and acoustic environment valuation 121 5.4.1 Influence of wind environment to acoustic environment valuation . 121 5.4.2 Relationship between wind environment and acoustic environment valuation 123 5.5 luminous environment characteristics a
48、nd acoustic environment valuation 125 5.5.1 Influence of luminous environment to acoustic environment valuation . 125 5.5.2 Relationship between luminous environment and acoustic environment valuation 127 哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文 - XII - 5.6 Air quality and acoustic environment valuation 130 5.6.1 Influence
49、of air quality to environment valuation . 130 5.6.2 Relationship between air quality valuation and acoustic environment valuation 130 5.7 Chapter 6 Design strategy of acoustic environment of public area in Harbin residential area . 132 Summary 131 6.1 Acoustic environment design of public area in residential area based on typical space characteristics 132 6.1.1 Prime space valuation in the same traffic condition 132 6.1.2 Group space valuation in the same traffic condition . 137 6.1.3 Optimizing st