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1、Technical Surfacing AliasStudio 2008 Copyright and trademarks AliasStudio 2008 Copyright 2002-2007 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form, by any method, for any purpose. AUTODESK, INC., MAKES NO WARRANTY, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
2、INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE REGARDING THESE MATERIALS, AND MAKES SUCH MATERIALS AVAILABLE SOLELY ON AN “AS-IS“ BASIS. IN NO EVENT SHALL AUTODESK, INC., BE LIABLE TO ANYONE FOR SPECIAL, COLLATERAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUEN
3、TIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF ACQUISITION OR USE OF THESE MATERIALS. THE SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE LIABILITY TO AUTODESK, INC., REGARDLESS OF THE FORM OF ACTION, SHALL NOT EXCEED THE PURCHASE PRICE, IF ANY, OF THE MATERIALS DESCRIBED HEREIN. Autodesk, Inc., reserves the right to revise
4、and improve its products as it sees fit. This publication describes the state of this product at the time of its publication, and may not reflect the product at all times in the future. Autodesk Trademarks The following are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and other
5、countries: 3DEC (design/ logo), 3December, 3D, 3ds Max, ActiveShapes, Actrix, ADI, Alias, Alias (swirl design/logo), AliasStudio, Alias|Wavefront (design/logo), ATC, AUGI, AutoCAD, AutoCAD Learning Assistance, AutoCAD LT, AutoCAD Simulator, AutoCAD SQL Extension, AutoCAD SQL Interface, Autodesk, Aut
6、odesk Envision, Autodesk Insight, Autodesk Intent, Autodesk Inventor, Autodesk Map, Autodesk MapGuide, Autodesk Streamline, AutoLISP, AutoSnap, AutoSketch, AutoTrack, Backdraft, Built with ObjectARX (logo), Burn, Buzzsaw, CAiCE, Can You Imagine, Character Studio, Cinestream, Civil 3D, Cleaner, Clean
7、er Central, ClearScale, Colour Warper, Combustion, Communication Specification, Constructware, Content Explorer, CreatewhatsNext (design/logo), Dancing Baby (image), DesignCenter, Design Doctor, Designers Toolkit, DesignKids, DesignProf, DesignServer, DesignStudio, Design|Studio (design/logo), Desig
8、n Your World, Design Your World (design/logo), DWF, DWG, DWG (logo), DWG TrueConvert, DWG TrueView, DXF, EditDV, Education by Design, Extending the Design Team, FBX, Filmbox, FMDesktop, GDX Driver, Gmax, Heads-up Design, Heidi, HOOPS, HumanIK, i-drop, iMOUT, Incinerator, IntroDV, Kaydara, Kaydara (d
9、esign/logo), LocationLogic, Lustre, Maya, Mechanical Desktop, MotionBuilder, ObjectARX, ObjectDBX, Open Reality, PolarSnap, PortfolioWall, Powered with Autodesk Technology, Productstream, ProjectPoint, Reactor, RealDWG, Real-time Roto, Render Queue, Revit, Showcase, SketchBook, StudioTools, Topobase
10、, Toxik, Visual, Visual Bridge, Visual Construction, Visual Drainage, Visual Hydro, Visual Landscape, Visual Roads, Visual Survey, Visual Syllabus, Visual Toolbox, Visual Tugboat, Visual LISP, Voice Reality, Volo, and Wiretap. The following are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk Canada
11、Co. in the USA and/or Canada and other countries: Backburner, Discreet, Fire, Flame, Flint, Frost, Inferno, Multi-Master Editing, River, Smoke, Sparks, Stone, Wire. All other brand names, product names or trademarks belong to their respective holders. Third-Party Copyright Notices This product inclu
12、des software developed by the Apache Software Foundation. Macromedia Shockwave Player and Macromedia Flash Player software by Macromedia, Inc., Copyright 1995-2000 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved. Portions relating to JPEG Copyright 1991-1998 Thomas G. Lane. All rights reserved. This
13、 software is based in part on the work of the Independent JPEG Group. Portions relating to TIFF Copyright 1997-1998 Sam Leffler. Copyright 1991-1997 Silicon Graphics, Inc. All rights reserved. GOVERNMENT USE Use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set for
14、th in FAR 12.212 (Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights) and DFAR 227.7202 (Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software), as applicable. Published By: Autodesk, Inc. 111 Mclnnis Parkway San Rafael, CA 94903, USA Documentation build date: April 9, 2007 iii CONTENTS Learning Technical Surf
15、acing v Introduction to Technical Surfacing Tutorials v Introduction to the Tutorial 1 Some Common Modeling Basics 3 Quality Defines the Model 3 How Different Types of Input Affect the Model 4 Loading and Organizing Data 4 Interface Arrangement 7 Traditional Surface Modeling 9 Creating and Fitting C
16、urves 11 Creating blends between the main curves 13 An explanation of Continuity types 14 Fitting Curves to X-scans 18 Fitting Curves to Z-scans 22 Surface Creation 25 Introduction to Patch Layouts 25 The Importance of Helper Surfaces 26 Understanding and Refining the Theoretical Model 27 Constructi
17、ng the Main Surfaces 33 Extending the Theoretical Line 33 Constructing the Side Surface 34 Constructing the Top Surface 37 Applying a Transition Between the Front and Top Surfaces 43 Applying a Transition Between the Rear and Top Surfaces 49 Transition Surfaces 55 Constructing Simple Transitions 55
18、Constructing a Transition Surface at the Rear of the Model 61 Constructing Ball Corners 64 Finishing the Model 71 Advanced Surface Modeling 73 Handling Blend Curves 74 Crucial Blend Curve Tools 75 Information Provided by Blend Curves 76 Blend Curves as Transition Curves 79 Blend Curve Constraint to
19、a Surface Edge 80 Blend Curve Constraint to an ISO parameter 81 Blend Curve Constraint to a Curve-On-Surface 81 Blend Curve Constraint to a Curve 82 Understanding the Align Tool 83 Handling the Align Tool 83 iv Contents Basics of surface fillets 90 Selection Process 90 Undo All 94 Addressing Interio
20、r Breaks in Continuity 95 When to use Bezier Surfaces instead of NURBS Geometry 95 When to use NURBS Geometry instead of Bezier Geometry 97 Choosing the Right Curve for the Job 98 Surface Continuity 99 Model Check 100 Dynamic Section 101 Clipping Plane 102 Minimum Radii 103 CV Distribution 103 Span
21、Distribution 104 Surface Evaluation 105 Index 109 v LEARNING TECHNICAL SURFACING Learning objectives Background information about SurfaceStudio and the tutorials Determining your learning level Conventions used in these tutorials Introduction to Technical Surfacing Tutorials A general overview of th
22、e tutorials. Autodesk AliasStudio provides a complete set of interactive surfacing, modification, and evaluation tools for creating surface models that meet the demanding levels of quality and precision required in manufacturing. In this book, we will present examples of typical production workflows
23、 using AliasStudio. We will introduce powerful tools and interactive features available in SurfaceStudio and AutoStudio, and demonstrate how to use them to accomplish your surfacing tasks. These tutorials are densely packed with information and techniques that may be new to you. You may want to re-r
24、ead the lessons after completion, or even repeat the more difficult lessons. Some techniques, especially those related to fitting curves and direct modeling, are interactive and can be challenging. You may want to practice these skills after completing the tutorials. For more information Note that t
25、hese tutorials are introductions to technical surfacing solutions and workflows. They are not intended as an exhaustive guide to the capabilities and options of the AliasStudio tools. These tutorials are designed to work with SurfaceStudio, but will also work with AutoStudio and Studio with Advanced
26、 Modeling. For additional information and more comprehensive explanations of tools and options, refer to the Modeling in AliasStudio section of the online documentation. vi Learning Technical Surfacing Where to begin Establish what learning level you are at before starting. The first tutorial covers
27、 some material that may already be familiar to you. You can make decisions about these tutorials based on whether you are an absolute beginner or already familiar with Autodesk AliasStudio products. Absolute Beginners You should start with the Learning AliasStudio tutorials at the very beginning of
28、Interface Basics (page 125), work through all of the Modeling tutorials, and then move on to the Foundations of Surface Modeling tutorial. Users Familiar With Autodesk AliasStudio Products However, you will still want to familiarize yourself with new or SurfaceStudio-specific features. Read Whats Ne
29、w. Graphic Conventions Explains graphic conventions used in the tutorials To highlight part of a screen shot, we show it in a lighter shade. For example, the following illustrates the location of the close box on a view window: To indicate a click or a double-click, we use these symbols: For example
30、, the following illustrates clicking the Go button: A blue arrow represents dragging. For example, the following illustrates clicking and dragging a tool from a tool palette: In the beginning lessons, when we ask you to choose a tool, we show the tools icon next to the instruction. Terms Explains te
31、rms used in the tutorials. Click Move the mouse pointer over an object and press a mouse button once. Double-click Move the mouse pointer over an object and press a mouse button twice fast. Drag Move the mouse pointer over an object and hold down a mouse button. Then move the mouse with the button h
32、eld down. The Scene The 3D “world” inside the view windows. The Model The curves, surfaces, and points that make up the object you are creating. Click Double Click 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TUTORIAL This section covers: Tutorial overview Prerequisites Introduction to surface modeling. All of the tools a
33、nd features required to perform this tutorial are available in SurfaceStudio and AutoStudio, and may be available in Studio, depending on the options purchased. This tutorial is intended for those users who want to learn surface modeling. In order to successfully complete this tutorial, we strongly
34、recommend that you have a basic understanding of AliasStudio. The ideal student for this tutorial will have completed all of the AliasStudio basic tutorials, and have achieved, or have experience equal to, a Level 2 design status. SurfaceStudio should be used to accompany this tutorial. Upon complet
35、ion of this tutorial, you will have an understanding of the following methods How to create curves and surfaces How to match curves and surfaces How to evaluate the finished model. While this tutorial offers a recommended step-by-step strategy for surface modeling, other tools and methods will be ad
36、dressed to show alternative methods and their associated errors. Given that there are a number of strategies that can be employed to surface a model, the successful completion of a surface modeling project ultimately depends on a number of factors. Key factors that contribute to a successful surface
37、 modeling project The software utilized to carry out the project The desired quality of the finished product The time allocated for the project. An iterative method will be employed in this tutorial to detail the basic steps involved in surface modeling; however, it must be stated that you may event
38、ually find a methodology unique to your environment, or creative process, that works best for your requirements. 2 3 SOME COMMON MODELING BASICS Learning Objectives In this section you will learn how to: Set up the software to suit your working preferences The basic concepts of modeling. Quality Def
39、ines the Model Surface models can be constructed to meet a number of quality levels that depend on the intended purpose of the model and the time allotted for the project. For instance, a model that has to be milled immediately as a 1:4 scaled model will have a different design phase than a model of
40、 a digitized master that is intended for a major CAD system (such as CATIA, or Unigraphics). Surface modeling quality levels Class A quality (sometimes referred to as Class 1) Class B quality Class C quality Often, quality levels have no fixed definitions as companies often institute their own stand
41、ards that reflect the demands of their particular industries. Details that are important to surface quality may include the use, or negation of, construction tolerances, highlight standards, trimmed surfaces, radii shape, flange availability, Bezier surfaces, and triangle surfaces. In general, a sur
42、face modeling project can be defined by three questions. 1Do the construction tolerances of the continuity between surfaces match the construction tolerances for the required data of the next step (CAD system, milling)? 2Do the quality of highlights and curvature combs meet the requirements defined
43、by the designer responsible for the model? 3Do the data requirements of an external package match those used to create the model? When working with SurfaceStudio, you should begin by setting the construction tolerances. The input construction tolerance levels will depend on the type of system employ
44、ed to execute the design. If you do not know the construction tolerances at the onset of your project, you can follow one simple rule. Solid modeling systems (Pro/Engineer, SolidWorks) require small position construction tolerances. Ensure your construction tolerance values work with your solid mode
45、ling system. 4 How Different Types of Input Affect the Model Surfaces can be modeled from several input types. One of the more common methods of surfacing is to base the model on the input derived from a scanned model. Some model scanning techniques can produce point clouds while other scanning tech
46、niques produce curves instead of points. Depending on the technique employed during the scanning procedure, the data can be either be sorted or unsorted. For the purposes of surface modeling it is better to have sorted data. If your scanning technique produced an unsorted point cloud instead of sort
47、ed section data similar to the image above, additional work is required to triangulate the points and cut the facets. Another type of input is derived from a completed surface model that has yet to be modified. In these cases, surface data and hard points can be fitted with a new, updated model. In
48、other cases, input may consist of a collection of sketches and a package similar to the image below. Regardless of the type of input data, surface modeling is largely an interpretation of a variety of inputs. For the modeler it is imperative to achieve an understanding of the design and the characte
49、r of the model. With any surfaced model there are a number of intricate details that lay hidden below the surface, known only to the designer and modeler. Due to the precision of modeling software, the modeler must develop a close working relationship with the designer in order to surface the model. After all, surface modeling is a creative process that finishes a design. Loading and Organizing Data To work with saved data, you must first load it into AliasStudio. After you open the data you can organize it into layers, allowing you to manage it