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1、PAS 134:2007 Terminology for carbon nanostructures ICS 01.040.71; 71.100.99 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW PUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATION Publishing and copyright information The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was
2、 last issued. BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0 580 61319 7 Publication history First published December 2007 Amendments issued since publication Amd. no.DateText affected PAS 134:2007 BSI 2007i PAS 134:2007 Contents Foreword ii Introduction 1 1 Scope 1 2 General 2 3 Diamond nanostructures 3 4 Carbon nanorods nan
3、ofibres and nanotubes 3 5 Carbon films 6 6 Fullerenes 7 7 Characterization 9 8 Abbreviations 12 Bibliography 13 Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 13 and a back cover. PAS 134:2007 ii BSI 2007 Foreword Publishing information This
4、Publicly Available Specification (PAS) has been commissioned by the UK Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS) and developed through the British Standards Institution. It came into effect on 31 December 2007. Acknowledgement is given to the following organizations that were involve
5、d in the development of this terminology: Bristol University; Cambridge University; Liverpool University; Thomas Swan PAS 131, Terminology for medical, health and personal care applications of nanotechnologies; PAS 132, Terminology for the bio-nano interface; PAS 133, Terminology for nanoscale measu
6、rement and instrumentation; PAS 134, Terminology for carbon nanostructures; PAS 135, Terminology for nanofabrication; PAS 136, Terminology for nanomaterials. PAS 131 to PAS 136 include terms the definitions for which differ to those given in PAS 71:2005, which was published in June 2005. These diffe
7、rences are the result of further reflection and debate and reflect consensus within the PAS steering groups. Until PAS 71:2005 can be revised to incorporate these changes, it is intended that the terms in PAS 131 to PAS 136 take precedence over PAS 71:2005. BSI 2007iii PAS 134:2007 This suite of PAS
8、 acknowledges the standards development work being conducted by BSI Technical Committee NTI/1, Nanotechnologies, ISO TC/229, Nanotechnologies, IEC/TC 113, Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems, and CEN/TC 352, Nanotechnologies. Attempts have been made to a
9、lign the definitions in these PASs with the definitions being developed by these committees, particularly the draft ISO/TS 27687 Terminology and definitions for nanoparticles. However, as the work of these committees is at a development stage, complete alignment has not been possible in every instan
10、ce. Contractual and legal considerations This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a Publicly Available Specification cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. iv BSI 2007This page
11、deliberately left blank PAS 134:2007 BSI 20071 PAS 134:2007 Introduction Many authorities predict that applications of nanotechnologies will ultimately pervade virtually every aspect of life and will enable dramatic advances to be realized in most areas of communication, health, manufacturing, mater
12、ials and knowledge-based technologies. Even if this is only partially true, there is an obvious need to provide industry and research with suitable tools to assist the development, application and communication of the technologies. One essential tool in this armoury will be the harmonization of the
13、terminology and definitions used in order to promote their common understanding and consistent usage. This terminology includes terms that are either specific to the sector covered by the title or are used with a specific meaning in the field of nanotechnology. It is one of a series of terminology P
14、ASs covering many different aspects of nanotechnologies. This terminology attempts not to include terms that are used in a manner consistent with a definition given in the Oxford English Dictionary 1, and terms that already have well established meanings to which the addition of the prefix “nano” ch
15、anges only the scale to which they apply but does not otherwise change their meaning. The multidisciplinary nature of nanotechnologies can lead to confusion as to the precise meaning of some terms because of differences in usage between disciplines. Users are advised that, in order to support the st
16、andardization of terminology, this PAS provides single definitions wherever possible. 1 Scope This Publicly Available Specification (PAS) lists terms and definitions used in or associated with the chemical and physical/geometrical structure, characterization, functionalization, manufacture and synth
17、esis of carbon nanostructures. It is applicable to, but not limited to, diamond, fullerene, nanofibre, nanohorn, nanorod and nanotube structures. This PAS is intended for use by technologists, regulators, non-government organizations (NGOs), consumer organizations, members of the public and others w
18、ith an interest in the application or use of nanotechnologies in the subject area. PAS 134:2007 2 BSI 2007 2 General 2.1carbon hybridization merging of the outer s and p orbitals in a carbon atom NOTE Carbon has four valence electrons. In an isolated carbon atom, two of the valence electrons are exp
19、ected to be in the 2s orbital and the other two to be in the 2p orbitals (there are three 2p orbitals in total). However, depending on the local conditions, one of the 2s electrons move to the third 2p orbital allowing the 2s to merge with the 2p orbitals and form new kinds of orbital called sp. Eve
20、n though the s and p orbitals are symmetric with respect to the nucleus of the carbon atom, the sp orbitals are highly directional and most of the electron cloud exists on one side of the carbon nucleus. sp1, sp2 and sp3 below are used to denote the different possible hybridizations in carbon. 2.2sp
21、1 carbon hybridization merging between the 2s and one 2p orbitals NOTEThe two sp orbitals lie opposite to each other and on a straight line. Common hybridization in linear chains of carbon atoms. 2.3sp2 carbon hybridization merging between the 2s and two 2p orbitals NOTEThe three sp orbitals lie on
22、the same plane at 120o from each other. Carbon atoms in graphene are sp2 hybridized. 2.4sp3 carbon hybridization merging between the 2s and all three 2p orbitals NOTEThe four sp orbitals point to the apexes of a tetrahedron. Diamond is made of sp3 hybridized carbon. 2.5fullerene closed-cage structur
23、e having more than 20 carbon atoms consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms J. Chem. Inf. Comp. Sci., 35, 969-978 2 NOTE A fullerene with 60 carbon atoms (C60 ) is sometimes called buckminsterfullerene. 2.6graphene single sheet of trigonally bonded (sp2) carbon atoms in a hexagonal struc
24、ture 2.7heptagonal and pentagonal defects interruption of the structure of graphitic layers with either heptagonal or pentagonal rings of carbon respectively NOTECarbon atoms in graphite are organized in hexagons; when one carbon atom is added or removed heptagonal or pentagonal defects are formed,
25、respectively. 2.8turbostratic carbon disordered graphitic structure where the graphitic planes may be bent BSI 20073 PAS 134:2007 3 Diamond nanostructures 3.1Synthesis 3.1.1detonation method of producing nanodiamond material by use of a high pressure shock wave 3.1.2high pressure high temperature (H
26、PHT) synthesis method using high temperature and pressure applied to a material held between two anvils to modify the material structure NOTEThis method is currently used to convert sp2 bonded carbon into diamond 3.1.3hot filament chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD) industrial synthesis method in whi
27、ch reactant gases are passed over a hot filament and deposit to form large area growth of polycrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond 3.2Materials 3.2.1adamantane C10H16 closed structure comprising 4 benzene rings with hydrogen termination NOTEThe smallest member of the H-terminated, cubic diamond m
28、olecular series. 3.2.2bare nanodiamonds hybrid fullerene-diamond structure resulting from the reconstruction of a nanodiamond surface following the removal of all surface hydrogen NOTEThis is called bucky diamond. 3.2.3diamondoids linked cages of adamantane NOTEAlso known as nanodiamonds. 3.2.4hydro
29、genated nanodiamonds H-terminated nanodiamond 3.2.5ultradispersed diamond (UDD) isolated diamond nanoparticles NOTEProduced by detonation synthesis. 4 Carbon nanorods nanofibres and nanotubes 4.1Synthesis 4.1.1arc discharge use of an electric arc, formed by passing a high current between electrodes
30、(in this case, usually graphite/carbon), to vaporize the electrode material and create a plasma of carbon NOTEThis is a technique for producing carbon nanotubes and nano-onions, or generating a plasma for amorphous carbon and diamond like carbon film deposition. PAS 134:2007 4 BSI 2007 4.1.2base-gro
31、wth mode growth mode of carbon nanorod catalyzed by a catalyst particle anchored on a support surface NOTECarbon feedstock is supplied from the base where the nanorod interfaces with the anchored catalyst. 4.1.3chemical vapour deposition (CVD) synthesis of a solid material by chemical reaction of a
32、gaseous precursor or mixture of precursors, commonly initiated by heat NOTEAn example would be the growth of carbon nanotubes from methane gas with catalyst particles. 4.1.4gas phase synthesis growth technique where the product is formed in the gaseous phase NOTEThis is used for the synthesis of car
33、bon nanotubes and nanofibres. 4.1.5laser ablation preparation technique which uses a laser to vaporize a graphite target to create a carbon plume, which is the precursor for growth of amorphous carbon, diamond like carbon, carbon nanotubes, or fullerenes NOTEEither a continuous or pulsed laser can b
34、e used, the latter giving rise to the terms pulsed laser ablation (PLR) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). 4.1.6liquid arc arc discharge carried out inside a liquid environment NOTE 1 For example, in water or liquid nitrogen. NOTE 2 When operated with carbon electrodes this technique provides a rich
35、 source of high quality carbon nanotubes. 4.1.7template growth growth of nanofibres/nanotubes where their direction is confined or guided by some physical template 4.1.8tip-growth mode nanotube lengthening involving the lifting off of the catalyst particle from the support and its transportation to
36、the open end of the tube end where it continues to catalyze tube growth NOTEOperates when the catalyst-support interaction is weak. 4.2Materials 4.2.1nanotube chirality vector notation used to describe the way in which a graphene sheet would be rolled to form the tube NOTE 1 Described using the chir
37、al vector, Ch = n a1 + m a2, which connects two crystallographically equivalent sites on the graphene sheet (where a1 and a2 are unit vectors from an atom to the next nearest neighbouring atoms in the regular hexagonal honeycomb lattice, and n and m are integers). Each nanotube topology is usually c
38、haracterized by these two integer numbers (n,m), thus defining some peculiar symmetries such as armchair (n,n) and zigzag (n,0) classes. NOTE 2 The chirality of a nanotube determines its electronic properties, i.e. metallic or semiconducting. BSI 20075 PAS 134:2007 4.2.2armchair nanotubes with chira
39、l vector, where n = m NOTESee nanotube chirality, 4.2.1. 4.2.3zigzag carbon nanotube nanotube whose chiral vector is (n, 0), and has mirror symmetry 4.2.4carbon nanofibre (CNF) carbon filament with a diameter in the nanoscale NOTE Technically, this includes nanotubes, but recently the term has been
40、used to describe fibres that consist of graphitic layers which are not parallel to the fibre axis. 4.2.5nanoscale size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm NOTE 1Properties that are not extrapolations from larger size will typically, but not exclusively, be exhibited in this size range. NOTE 2The
41、 lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm) has no physical significance but is introduced to avoid single and small groups of atoms from being designated as nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the absence of a lower limit. ISO/TS 276871) 4.2.6carbon nanotu
42、be (CNT) nanotube consisting of carbon NOTEThis term is commonly used to refer to a seamless tube constructed from graphene that can be either a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT), comprising a single layer of carbon atoms, or a multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), comprising multiple concentric tub
43、es. 4.2.7cup-stacked type of structure of carbon nanofibre with the appearance of a series of conical graphene cups stacked along its axis NOTESometimes called Herringbone. 4.2.8double wall carbon nanotube (DWCNT) carbon nanotube consisting of two concentric single wall carbon nanotubes 4.2.9multi w
44、all carbon nanotube (MWCNT) carbon nanotube consisting of two or more concentric single wall carbon nanotubes 4.2.10nanohorn nanoscale cone with a curved axis PAS 71:2005, definition 3.18 4.2.11dahlia like aggregate of nanohorns arranged with the appearance of a dahlia (flower) 4.2.12bud like aggreg
45、ate of nanohorns arranged in the shape of a flower bud 4.2.13single wall nanohorn (SW-NH) nanohorn comprising one layer of carbon atoms 1) In preparation. PAS 134:2007 6 BSI 2007 5 Carbon films 5.1Synthesis 5.1.1cathodic vacuum arc use of a vacuum arc on a carbon cathode to produce a high temperatur
46、e carbon plasma which condenses on a substrate to produce a film NOTEThis is a type of arc discharge, see 4.1.1. 5.1.2electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) CVD use of a low pressure, high density plasma generated by a microwave coupled with a magnetic field to promote chemical dissociation of carbon co
47、ntaining gases to provide a source of excited carbon atoms for film formation on a substrate NOTEThis is a type of plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition system. 5.1.3electron cyclotron wave resonance (ECWR) high density plasma source for plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition comprising a s
48、ingle-turn inductively-coupled radio frequency discharge with static transverse magnetic field NOTEThis is typically used for the preparation of amorphous carbon and diamond-like carbon thin films. 5.1.4filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) cathodic vacuum arc deposition system incorporating a magneti
49、c and/or mechanical filter to produce a coating flux that is essentially free of macroparticles NOTEOne possible realization is the s-bend filter using two curved torroidal filters, widely used for the deposition of tetrahedral amorphous carbon. films. 5.1.5plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) chemical vapour deposition where the gas is decomposed using a plasma NOTEThe plasma can be generated using direct current (DC-PECVD), radio frequency (RF-PECVD) or microwave (MW-PECVD) energy. This is a common techniq