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1、IEEE Std 145-1983 (Revision of ANSVIEEE Std 145-1973) IE E E Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA June 22, 1983 SH08 730 Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University
2、 Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:43:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:43:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Std 145-1983 (Revision of ANSI/IEEE Std 145-1973)
3、IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas Sponsor Antenna Standards Committee of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Group Copyright 1983 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any fo
4、rm, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:43:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Standards documents are developed with
5、in the Technical Com- mittees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Commit- tees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily mem- bers of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a cons
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13、sed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 345 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 USA Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:43:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Foreword (This Foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 145-1983, IEEE S
14、tandard Definitions of Terms for Antennas.) This standard is a major revision of IEEE Std 145-1973 which it supersedes. It is the second revi- sion of the standard since it was first issued in 1969. A substantive change included in this revision is the deprecation of the term directive gain and its
15、replacement by the term directivity. This change brings this standard in line with common usage among antenna engineers and with other international standards, notably those of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The 1973 revision was notable in that the interrelationship of gain, i
16、mpedance, and polarization upon the performance of antennas was recognized. That point of view has been further developed for this revision. The terms partial gain, partial directivity, partial effective area and partial realized gain (for a given polarization) have been added. The basic terms, gain
17、, impedance and polarization are left as independent fundamental properties of antennas as before. For the previous revision, the terms on polarization and array antennas were expanded. Addi- tional terms have been added for this revision making it even more comprehensive in these areas. The standar
18、d also includes terms reflecting the advances in antenna technology that have trans- pired since 1973. New terms include microstrip antenna, printed circuit antenna, periscope anten- na, active array antenna system, contoured beam antenna, conformal antenna and null-steering antenna. The previous re
19、vision contained several terms which apply to antennas in physical media. In al- most every case it meant that there were two terms with only minor differences in language, one for free space and one for physical media. For this revision, where possible the two terms were com- bined into a single en
20、try. The terms pertaining to antenna patterns have been expanded in this revision. New terms include axial ratio pattern, beam solid angle, co-polar and cross-polar pattern, difference pattern, directional null, far-field pattern, Fresnel zone, mean side lobe level, near-field pattern, null steering
21、, phase pat- tern, polarization pattern, principal half-power beamwidths, radiation pattern cut, radiation sphere, solid beam efficiency and shoulder lobe. In addition to many new terms, an attempt has been made to improve the language of many of the remaining terms. The Antenna Standards Committee
22、recognizes that further improvements can be made, therefore, suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to: Secretary IEEE Standards Board The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 This revision of IEEE S
23、td 145 was prepared by The Working Group on Definitions of Terms for Antennas. The members of this working group were: R. S. Elliott, Chairman E. S . Gillespie, Secretary N. G. Alexopoulos W. V. T. Rusch A. T. Villeneuve Members of the IEEE Antenna Standards Committee who contributed to this standar
24、d were: E. S. Gillespie, Chairman N. G. Alexopoulos C. C. Allen D. G. Bodnar A. D. Bresler H. V. Cottony* G. A. Deschamps R. B. Dybdal J. D. Dyson R. S. Elliott W. J. English E. S. Gillespie W. K. Kahn D. Kajfez E. M. Kennaugh D. J. Levine A. C. Newel1 H. R. Raemer W. V. T. Rusch A. C. Schell A. J.
25、Simmons P. H. Smith W. T. Tilston G. P. Tricoles A. T. Villeneuve M. S. Wheeler *Past chairman. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:43:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard o
26、n March 11, 1982, it had the following membership: I. N. Howell, Jr, Chairman Irving Kolodny, Vice Chairman Sava I. Sherr, Secretary C. Y. R. Allen Len S. Corey Donald T. Michael* J. J. Archambault D. C. Fleckenstein A. R. Parsons James H. Beall Jay Forster J. P. Riganati John T. Boettger Kurt Green
27、e Robert W. Seelbach J. V. Bonucchi Joseph L. Koepfinger Jay A. Stewart Edward Chelotti John E. May Clifford 0. Swanson Edward J. Cohen Robert E. Weiler *Member emeritus Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:43:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore.
28、Restrictions apply. IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas 1. Scope It is assumed in this standard that an antenna is a passive linear reciprocal device. Thus, where a definition implies the use of an anten- na in a transmitting situation, its use in a re- ceiving situation is also implicit
29、 unless speci- fically stated otherwise. When an antenna or group of antennas is combined with circuit elements that are ac- tive, nonlinear, or nonreciprocal, the combina- tion is regarded as a system which includes an antenna. Examples of such cases are an adap- tive antenna system and a signal-pr
30、ocessing an- tenna system; the complete conical-scanning, monopulse, and compound interferometer sys- tems also fall in this category. For terms that are quantitative, it is under- stood that frequency must be specified. For those in which phase or polarization is a significant part of the definitio
31、n, a coherent source of power is implied. Whenever a term is commonly used in other fields but has specialized significance in the field of anten- nas, this is noted in the title. When applying terms pertaining to the radia- tion characteristics, such as gain, polarization, beamwidth, etc, to multip
32、le-beam antennas, each port shall be considered to be that of a separate antenna with a single main beam. For polarization-diversity systems which may in- clude active devices, these terms apply to each polarization state for which the antenna is ad- justed. Throughout this standard where phasors ar
33、e used, or are implied, the time convention shall be taken to be exp (jut). 2. Definitions 2.1 The definitions of terms contained herein for the most part stand alone and are easily understood out of context. The terms pertain- ing to gain, directivity and polarization, how- ever, are interrelated a
34、nd hence require some elaboration. The viewpoint taken for polarization is that this term can be used in three related meanings. It can apply (1) To a field vector at some point in space (2) To a plane wave (3) To an antenna The polarization of a field vector specifies the shape, orientation and sen
35、se of the ellipse that the extremity of the field vector describes as a function of time. This applies to any field vec- tor: electric field, magnetic field, velocity field in a plasma, displacement field in a solid, etc. In a single-frequency plane wave a specified field vector has the same polariz
36、ation at every point in space. This is taken as the polarization of the plane wave. Conventionally in electro- magnetics the electric field is considered rather than the magnetic field. However, in a non- isotropic medium the polarization state of the plane wave requires consideration of all its vec
37、- tor components. The third application of the term polarization is to antennas. The polariza- tion of an antenna in a given direction is that of the plane wave it radiates at large distances in that direction. By reciprocity a plane wave coming from that direction whose polarization ellipse has the
38、 same axial ratio, orientation, and sense will yield for a given power flux density, the maximum response. For best understand- ing, the three related definitions of polarization should be read in the above order. One departure from previous usage should be noted. The definition of the tilt angle of
39、 the polarization ellipse now requires that it be mea- sured according to the right-hand rule with the thumb pointing in a reference direction. For a plane wave the reference direction is the direc- tion of propagation. This is advantageous since it removes any ambiguity about the specifica- tion of
40、 the orientation of the polarization el- lipse. It should be noted, however, that the polarization of the antenna is defined as that of the wave it radiates, whether it is used for transmitting or receiving. This means that for the receive case the coordinate system used to describe the polarization
41、 of the antenna and the incoming wave are oriented in opposite directions. (See ANSI/IEEE Std 149-1979, 5 Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:43:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Std 145- ,1983 IEEE STANDARD DEFINITION
42、S power available from the generator power to matched transmission line power accepted by the antenna power radiated by the antenna radiation intensity partial radiation intensity? Impedance mismatch factor 1 Impedance mismatch factor 2 r) radiation efficiency G, realized gain G gain D directivity g
43、R partial realized gain g partial gain d partial directivity p polarization efficiency tAll partial quantities correspond to a specified polarization, n. Fig 1 Gain and Directivity Flow Chart IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Anten- nas, Section 11, Polarization.) There are two ways to handle this s
44、ituation. One is to trans- form the polarization of the wave into the antennas coordinate system; or secondly, to define a receiving polarization for the antenna which is that of the wave to which the anten- na is polarization matched. The latter was chosen both here and in ANSI/IEEE Std 149- 1979.
45、This should not be taken to mean that one cannot use the antennas coordinate sys- tem, but rather that if it is done, it should be clearly specified as the polarization of the incoming wave referred to the antennas (trans- mitting) polarization. The term receiving polarization can also be applied to
46、 a nonre- ciprocal antenna which may receive only. The interdependence of gain, polarization, and impedance has led to the inclusion of sev- eral terms including partial gain, partial di- rectivity, and partial realized gain, The inter- P relationships of these terms and the basic terms, gain, direc
47、tivity and realized gain are best visualized by referring to the flow chart shown in Fig 1. A similar flow chart can be constructed for a receiving antenna. 2.2 In these definitions, words or phrases in parentheses which are part of the term can be omitted when the term is used, provided they are un
48、derstood from context. Those words or phrases in brackets can replace the words or phrases which immediately precede them. If bracketed words or phrases appear in several places in the definition, then all bracketed words or phrases must be used to- gether in the definitions. For those cases where t
49、wo or more terms are used interchangeably, that is, they have the same definition, all of them will be listed with the single definition. The term listed first will be the recommended term. Abbreviations appear after the term en- closed in parentheses. 6 Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:43:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. OF TERMS FOR ANTENNAS IEEE Std 145-1983 absolute gain (of an antenna). See gain (of an antenna). active array antenna system. An array in which all or part of the elements are equipped with t