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1、Color Microforms Approved As American National Standards Institute (ANSI) June 5,2000 A Publication o f iiM Internat iona I 1100 Wayne Avenue Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 USA Tel: 301-587-8202 www.aiim.org Copyright AIIM International Provided by IHS under license with AIIM Licensee=IHS
2、Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:29:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSIIAIIM TR9-2000 Technical Report for Information and Image Management - Color Microforms An American National Technical Report prepared by the Asso
3、ciation for Information and Image Management Approved as an American National Technical Report June 5,2000 Abstract: This technical report discusses equipment, supplies, suggested practices, and the special considerations regarding the production of all types of full-color microforms. Copyright AIIM
4、 International Provided by IHS under license with AIIM Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:29:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright AIIM International Provided by IHS under license with AIIM Licensee=IHS
5、Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:29:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/AIIM TR9-2000 - TECHNICAL REPORT - COLOR MICROFORMS Contents 1 Scope and purpose . 1 2 References . 1 2.1 Referenced American National Standards
6、1 2.2 Referenced international standards . 2 . 2 2.4 Related standards . 3 2.5 Related publications . . 3 3 Definitions . . rocess . 7 . 7 4.5 Alternatives . 7 . 7 . 5.4.1 Structure . 8 5.4.2 Safety base . 8 5.5.1 Antihalation styles . 5.5.2 Direct positive film . 5.6.2 Protective coating . 9 5.6.3
7、Durability / longevity . 6 Exposure . . 9 5.4.3 Strength and stability . 5.5 Antihalation protection . 9 . 6.1.5 Coated lenses 6.1.6 Flare . . 12 6.1.7 Operating voltage fluctuation . 12 6.1.8 Filter factors . 12 . 7.1 Standards st generation . . 13 7.2 Format for small dimensioned transparencies .
8、. 13 7.2.1 For microfiche . . 14 . 14 7.3 Large documents . . 7.4 Reduction ratios . . . 15 8.2.1 Chromogenic process . 15 8.2.2 Silver-dye bleach process . . 15 8.3 Potential damage during processing . 16 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAQE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL I Copyright AIIM International
9、Provided by IHS under license with AIIM Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:29:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSIIAIIM TR9-2000 . TECHNICAL REPORT . COLOR MICROFORMS 8.3.1 Foreign particles 16 8.3.2 Scratch
10、es . 16 8.4 Processing fac es and equipment 16 8.5 Residual chemicals /compounds . 16 9 Quality 17 9.1 Definition and sharpnes 9.2 Color duplication quality 9.2.1 Color reproduction . 9.2.2 Color density 17 9.3 Ruled scales 17 9.4 Calibration charts 18 9.5 Resolution targets . 18 9.6 Process and dup
11、lication quality . 19 9.6.1 Newton rings 9.6.2 Drying marks 9.6.3 Moisture mar 9.7 Protective overcoats 20 1 O Duplication 20 10.1 General . 20 10.2 Duplication processes . 20 10.3 Contrast . 20 10.3.1 Measuring viewing conditions 10.3.2 Reduction ratio 10.3.3 Selection of ma 10.4 Diffraction 24 10.
12、5 Blow-back reproductions . 24 10.5.1 Color enlargements directly from the positive color microfilm . 24 10.5.2 Color enlargements directly from the negative color microfilm 24 11 Storage, handling and preservation 25 11 . 1 Source material and microform file protection 25 11.2 Storage and handling
13、considerations 25 11.2.1 Medium-term storage conditions . 25 11.2.2 Extended-term storage conditions . 25 11.2.3 General storage considerations . 26 11.2.4 Control of insect and microorganism damage to color film 26 11.2.5 Packaging 27 Annexes Annex A . Film types and manufacturers recommended chemi
14、cal processes suitable for color micrographics 28 Annex B . Dye stability / life expectancy 29 Annex C . Use of color microforms . 30 II ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL Copyright AIIM International Provided by IHS under license with AIIM Licensee=IHS Employees/11111110
15、01, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:29:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/AIIM TR9-2000 - TECHNICAL REPORT - COLOR MICROFORMS Foreword Copy processes used in color micrographics and throughout the micrographics industry are used for the
16、preservation and subsequent reproduction of color source materials. These materials include both colored and color-coded documents such as maps, charts, graphic materials, industrial and commercial catalogs, educational materials, engineering schematics, wiring diagrams, and a variety of other subje
17、cts. The microrecording in color of color source materials has been attempted since the origins of commercially applied microfilm because such documents lose information content when recorded on black-and-white materials. Until quite recently, material and procedure technology used for color microgr
18、aphics had not progressed to a level that would permit the majority of the above-mentioned subjects to be microfilmed in color. Improvements in optical technology, reproduction and duplication procedures, and the resolution capability, long-term keeping properties and dye stability of color microfil
19、ms (see Annex B) have added considerable breadth to the capabilities of color processes. Thus, there has been a corresponding growth of interest in color micrographics, its technology, advantages, and its present and future applications. This technical report outlines the present status of commercia
20、lly available color microfilm processes, technologies and techniques, and will be revised as appropriate to keep abreast of the new materials and equipment introduced to handle them. Suggestions for improvement of this technical report are welcome. They should be sent to Chairman, AIIM Standards Boa
21、rd, Association for Information and Image Management, 1100 Wayne Ave., Suite 1100, Silver Spring, MD, 20910. This document was developed under the auspices of the Standards Board which approved it as an AIIM technical report. The Standards Board had the following members at the time it processed and
22、 approved this technical report: Name of representative Organization represented Marilyn Wright, Chair AIIM International Robert Breslawski Eastman Kodak Jewel Drass Basil Manns Bell the mechanical, chemical, and environmental requirements; color image reproduction; test charts and scales; resolutio
23、n; use of protective overcoats; contrast; reprographics; and storage, handling, and packaging recommendations. Subsequent discussions provide information concerning technical specifications and recommended processes for films typically used for micrographic applications, dye stability characteristic
24、s, current formats, and use of color microforms. This technical report is intended to be a descriptive and subjective treatise on full-color micrographics technologies and techniques. Hazard I Warning: Some of the chemicals described for use in this technical report are toxic or otherwise hazardous.
25、 Specific caution, warning and danger notices are given in the text, but, in addition, the normal precautions required for the use of a volatile, flammable, toxic, or corrosive chemical must be exercised at all times. It is recommended that anyone using these chemicals obtain from the manufacturer p
26、ertinent information about the hazards, handling, and use of these chemicals. Such information is usually furnished by the chemical manufacturer in the form of a Material Safety Data Sheet (OSHA Form 20 or equivalent). 2 References All standards are subject to revision. When the following documents
27、are superseded by an approved revision, that revision may apply. 2.1 Referenced American National Standards ANSVAIIM MS14-1988 (R1996), Sfandard recommended pracfice - Specificafions for 16 mm and 35 mm roll microfilm ANSVAIIM MS24-1996, Sfandard fesf fargef for use in microfilming source documenf e
28、ngineering graphics on 35 mm microfilm ANSVAI I M MS26-1990, 35 mm planefary cameras (fop-lighf) - Procedures for defermining illuminafion uniformify for microfilming engineering drawings ANSVAIIM MS37-1988 (AI 996), Recommended pracfice for microphofography of cartographic maferials ASSOCIATION FOR
29、 INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL 1 Copyright AIIM International Provided by IHS under license with AIIM Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:29:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSIIAIIM TR9-2000
30、 - TECHNICAL REPORT - COLOR MICROFORMS ANSVAIIM MS51-1991 (ANSIAS0 3334-1991), Micrographics - IS0 resolufion fesf char no. 2 - Descripfion and use ANSMSO 5/2-1991, Phofography - Densify measuremenfs - Par 2: Geomefric condifions for fransmission densify ANSMSO 6328-1 982, (ANSI PH2.33-1983), Phofog
31、raphy (maferials) - Mefhod for defermining fhe resolving power of phofographic maferials ANSVNAPM IT9.1-1996 (ANSIAS0 10602-1 995), Imaging maferials - Processed silver-gelafin type black and whife film - Specificafions for sfabilify ANSVNAPM IT9.2-1991, Imaging media - Phofographic processed films,
32、 plafes and papers - Filing enclosures and sforage confainers ANSVNAPM IT9.6-1991, (ANSIAS0 543-1 990 (RI 995), Phofography - Phofographic films - Specificafions for safefy film ANSVNAPM IT9.9-1996, Imaging maferials-Sfabilify of color phofographic images - Mefhods for measuring ANSVNAPM IT9.10-1996
33、 (ANSIAS0 4330-1 994), Imaging maferials - Phofographic film and paper - Deferminafion of curl ANSVNAPM IT9.11-1993, Imaging media - Processed safefy phofographic films - Sforage ANSVNAPM IT9.17-I 993 (ANSIAS0 41 7-1 993), Phofography - Deferminafion of residual fhiosulfafe and ofher relafed chemica
34、ls in processed phofographic maferials - Mefhods using iodine-amylose, mefhylene blue and silver sulfide ANSI PHI 51-1983, Phofography (film) - Micrographic sheef and roll films - Dimensions ANSI PH2.39-1977 (RI 990), Mefhod of measuring fhe phofographic modulafion fransfer funcfion of confinuous-fo
35、ne black-and-whife phofographic films 2.2 Referenced international standards IS0 5466-1 996, Phofography - Processed safefy phofographic films - Sforage pracfices IS0 6148-1 993, Phofography - Film dimensions - Micrographics IS0 9923-1 994, Micrographics - Transparenf A6 microfiche - Image arrangeme
36、nfs IS0 10214-1 991, Phofography - Processed safefy phofographic films - Filing enclosures for sforage 2.3 Referenced publications ANSVAIIM TR2-1998, Technical repor for informafion and image managemenf - Glossary of documenf fechnologies Basic Phofographic Sensifomefry Workbook. Kodak Publication N
37、o. Z-22-ED, Cat. No. 102-6228. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Company, 1981. 2 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL Copyright AIIM International Provided by IHS under license with AIIM Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:29:06 MD
38、TNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/AIIM TR9-2000 - TECHNICAL REPORT - COLOR MICROFORMS Drago, F.J.; Granger, E.M.; and Hicks, R.C. Procedures for making color fiche transparencies of maps, charts, and documents. Journal of Imaging Technology 1 l(1): 12-17; 1
39、985 February. Reilly, James M. Sforage Guide for Color Phofographic Maferials. Albany, NY: University of the State of New York. 1998. Sforage and Care of Kodak Phofographic Maferials Before and Affer Processing. Kodak Publication No. E-30, Cat. No. 827-0852. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Company: 199
40、6. Woodlief, Thomas, Jr., ed. SPSE Handbook of Phofographic Science and Engineering. New York, NY: Wiley-lnterscience Publication, John Wiley even though the physical properties of a color image differ from those of the subject, a sufficient perceptual similarity is possible. 3.25 thickness. photome
41、chanical filters: Filters of excellent optical quality (power and wedging) and uniform 3.26 secondary color aberration: A color aberration that remains after color correction has been optimized within a refractive optical system. Secondary color is a term usually applied only to color- corrected len
42、ses. 3.27 spectrum: Radiant energy in an orderly arrangement according to its wavelength or frequency. The practical limits of the radiant-energy spectrum extend over a range of wavelengths varying from a few femtometers (10-15m) to 1.6 x 10 meters. The frequencies which are visible to the human eye
43、 register as hues of red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The corresponding wavelengths of the visible spectrum range from 380 to 760 nanometers (IO-m). Often referred to as “light,” the visible spectrum is normally considered to include wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers. 3.28 subtr
44、active printing: In color printing, subtractive printing is the exposure by a single white light or near white light source illuminant, whose color and intensity is controlled by simultaneously filtering the red, green, and blue parts of the color spectrum. 3.29 ultraviolet-absorbing filter: A filte
45、r designed to absorb ultraviolet (200 to 400 nm) and some blue radiations from light sources such as xenon-arc, zirconium-arc, cored carbon-arc, fluorescent, pulsed xenon, and electronic flash. 4 Color microfilm categories 4.1 General There are three major categories of color microfilms: negative-to
46、-positive, reversal, and direct positive. In addition, alternative and auxiliary processes aid in the production of color microforms. For virtue of this technical report, color photographic materials can be divided into two categories: negative-working (subject-image polarity is changed) and direct-
47、imaging (polarity is retained). 4.2 Negative-to-positive process Continuous-tone as well as high-contrast black and white materials can be used for the production of masters to which filters are added to provide color separations onto duplicate print stock. (See Note in Annex A.) Color negative mate
48、rials are seldom used as viewer originals, but as negative intermediates. As microform masters (first generation camera originals), they are printed onto a second generation print stock to obtain a positive image. Color negative materials provide automatic post-development masking for correction in contact or projection printing. (Masking is required when printing onto negative working, color print materials.) Negative film materials generally have a broader exposure latitude than direct 6 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL Copyright AIIM Intern